VYPR

CWE-441

Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')

ClassDraft

Description

The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.

Hierarchy (View 1000)

Parents

Related attack patterns (CAPEC)

CAPEC-219 · CAPEC-465

CVEs mapped to this weakness (121)

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  • CVE-2025-32326HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In multiple functions of AppRestrictionsFragment.java, there is a possible way to bypass intent security check due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.

  • CVE-2025-32324HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In onCommand of ActivityManagerShellCommand.java, there is a possible arbitrary activity launch due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

  • CVE-2025-32321HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In isSafeIntent of AccountTypePreferenceLoader.java, there is a possible way to bypass an intent type check due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

  • CVE-2025-26454HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In validateUriSchemeAndPermission of DisclaimersParserImpl.java , there is a possible way to access data from another user due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed…

  • CVE-2025-26452HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In loadDrawableForCookie of ResourcesImpl.java, there is a possible way to access task snapshots of other apps due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for…

  • CVE-2025-22418HigSep 2, 2025
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In multiple locations, there is a possible confused deputy due to Intent Redirect. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

  • CVE-2025-22416HigSep 2, 2025
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In onCreate of ChooserActivity.java , there is a possible way to view other users' images due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.

  • CVE-2024-31319HigJul 9, 2024
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In updateNotificationChannelFromPrivilegedListener of NotificationManagerService.java, there is a possible cross-user data leak due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not…

  • CVE-2023-40111HigFeb 15, 2024
    risk 0.51cvss 7.8epss 0.00

    In setMediaButtonReceiver of MediaSessionRecord.java, there is a possible way to send a pending intent on behalf of system_server due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed…

  • CVE-2026-44494HigJun 11, 2026
    risk 0.50cvss 8.7epss 0.01

    Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.0.0 to before 1.16.0, the Axios library is vulnerable to a Prototype Pollution "Gadget" attack that allows any Object.prototype pollution in the application's dependency tree to be escalated into a full…

  • CVE-2025-47269HigMay 9, 2025
    risk 0.50cvss 8.3epss 0.43

    code-server runs VS Code on any machine anywhere through browser access. Prior to version 4.99.4, a maliciously crafted URL using the proxy subpath can result in the attacker gaining access to the session token. Failure to properly validate the port for a proxy request can…

  • CVE-2026-73079HigAug 11, 2026
    risk 0.48cvss 8.5epss 0.00

    Sub2API is an AI API gateway platform designed to distribute and manage API quotas from AI product subscriptions. From 0.1.135, to 0.1.168, platform API keys issued to tenants are exchanged for upstream requests made with shared provider accounts (ChatGPT/Codex OAuth, OpenAI…

  • CVE-2021-32783HigJul 23, 2021
    risk 0.48cvss 8.5epss 0.01

    Contour is a Kubernetes ingress controller using Envoy proxy. In Contour before version 1.17.1 a specially crafted ExternalName type Service may be used to access Envoy's admin interface, which Contour normally prevents from access outside the Envoy container. This can be used…

  • CVE-2023-31313HigFeb 12, 2026
    risk 0.47cvss 7.2epss 0.00

    An unintended proxy or intermediary in the AMD power management firmware (PMFW) could allow a privileged attacker to send malformed messages to the system management unit (SMU) potentially resulting in arbitrary code execution.

  • CVE-2025-48532HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.47cvss 7.3epss 0.00

    In markMediaAsFavorite of MediaProvider.java, there is a possible way to bypass the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for…

  • CVE-2025-22441HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.47cvss 7.3epss 0.00

    In getContextForResourcesEnsuringCorrectCachedApkPaths of RemoteViews.java, there is a possible way to load arbitrary java code in a privileged context due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User…

  • CVE-2026-43910HigJul 28, 2026
    risk 0.46cvss 8.2epss 0.00

    Appium Java Client is the Java language binding for writing Appium tests that conform to the W3C WebDriver protocol. From 8.2.1 until 10.1.1, when directConnect(true) is enabled, AppiumCommandExecutor.setDirectConnect() reads the directConnectHost, directConnectPort, and…

  • CVE-2026-40868HigApr 21, 2026
    risk 0.46cvss 8.1epss 0.00

    Kyverno is a policy engine designed for cloud native platform engineering teams. Prior to 1.16.4, kyverno’s apiCall servicecall helper implicitly injects Authorization: Bearer ... using the kyverno controller serviceaccount token when a policy does not explicitly set an…

  • CVE-2026-24470HigJan 26, 2026
    risk 0.46cvss 8.1epss 0.00

    Skipper is an HTTP router and reverse proxy for service composition. Prior to version 0.24.0, when running Skipper as an Ingress controller, users with permissions to create an Ingress and a Service of type ExternalName can create routes that enable them to use Skipper's network…

  • CVE-2025-48545HigSep 4, 2025
    risk 0.46cvss 7.1epss 0.00

    In isSystemUid of AccountManagerService.java, there is a possible way for an app to access privileged APIs due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local privilege escalation with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.