VYPR

CWE-441

Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')

ClassDraft

Description

The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.

Hierarchy (View 1000)

Parents

Related attack patterns (CAPEC)

CAPEC-219 · CAPEC-465

CVEs mapped to this weakness (121)

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  • CVE-2026-42933CriJul 23, 2026
    risk 0.65cvss 10.0epss 0.00

    Pronetiqs IntraVUE versions 3.2.1a14 and prior have an unintended proxy or intermediary vulnerability which could allow an attacker to use an active proxy, which would bypass OT segmentation.

  • CVE-2026-39906CriApr 14, 2026
    risk 0.65cvss 10.0epss 0.01

    Unisys WebPerfect Image Suite versions 3.0.3960.22810 and 3.0.3960.22604 expose a deprecated .NET Remoting TCP channel that allows remote unauthenticated attackers to leak NTLMv2 machine-account hashes by supplying a Windows UNC path as a target file argument through…

  • CVE-2026-72526CriAug 12, 2026
    risk 0.64cvss 9.9epss 0.00

    A flaw was found in the multicloud-integrations component. The Application propagation controller processes the `ocm-managed-cluster` annotation from an Application Custom Resource (CR) without proper validation. A tenant with permissions to create Applications on the hub…

  • CVE-2026-23751CriApr 23, 2026
    risk 0.64cvss 9.8epss 0.01

    Kofax Capture, now referred to as Tungsten Capture, version 6.0.0.0 (other versions may be affected) exposes a deprecated .NET Remoting HTTP channel on port 2424 via the Ascent Capture Service that is accessible without authentication and uses a default, publicly known endpoint…

  • CVE-2025-64123CriJan 2, 2026
    risk 0.64cvss 9.8epss 0.00

    Unintended Proxy or Intermediary vulnerability in Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) allows Network Boundary Bridging.This issue affects Multi-Stack Controller (MSC): through and including release 2.5.1.

  • CVE-2025-68667CriDec 23, 2025
    risk 0.64cvss epss 0.01

    Conduit is a chat server powered by Matrix. A vulnerability that affects a number of Conduit-derived homeservers allows a remote, unauthenticated attacker to force the target server to cryptographically sign arbitrary membership events. Affected products include Conduit prior to…

  • CVE-2021-20042CriDec 8, 2021
    risk 0.64cvss 9.8epss 0.03

    An unauthenticated remote attacker can use SMA 100 as an unintended proxy or intermediary undetectable proxy to bypass firewall rules. This vulnerability affected SMA 200, 210, 400, 410 and 500v appliances.

  • CVE-2026-70398CriAug 12, 2026
    risk 0.62cvss 9.6epss 0.00

    A flaw was found in multicloud-integrations, a component of Red Hat Advanced Cluster Management (RHACM). This vulnerability allows an authenticated user, referred to as a tenant, to manipulate the GitOpsCluster controller. By exploiting this, a tenant can redirect sensitive…

  • CVE-2025-64125CriJan 3, 2026
    risk 0.61cvss epss 0.00

    A vulnerability in Nuvation Energy nCloud VPN Service allowed Network Boundary Bridging.This issue affected the nCloud VPN Service and was fixed on 2025-12-1 (December, 2025). End users do not have to take any action to mitigate the issue.

  • CVE-2026-24471CriFeb 2, 2026
    risk 0.60cvss epss 0.00

    continuwuity is a Matrix homeserver written in Rust. This vulnerability allows an attacker with a malicious remote server to cause the local server to sign an arbitrary event upon user interaction. Upon a user account leaving a room (rejecting an invite), joining a room or…

  • CVE-2025-25306CriMar 10, 2025
    risk 0.60cvss 9.3epss 0.00

    Misskey is an open source, federated social media platform. The patch for CVE-2024-52591 did not sufficiently validate the relation between the `id` and `url` fields of ActivityPub objects. An attacker can forge an object where they claim authority in the `url` field even if the…

  • CVE-2026-44945CriAug 5, 2026
    risk 0.59cvss 9.1epss 0.00

    A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in Rancher's impersonation middleware (pkg/auth/requests/impersonate.go). An authenticated Rancher user with the default user global role can gain full administrative access to the Rancher control plane and transitively to all…

  • CVE-2015-2947CriApr 13, 2017
    risk 0.59cvss 9.1epss 0.01

    KanColleViewer versions 3.8.1 and earlier operates as an open proxy which allows remote attackers to trigger outbound network traffic.

  • CVE-2026-16158HigJul 18, 2026
    risk 0.57cvss 8.7epss 0.00

    Impact: @fastify/reply-from versions from 8.3.1 up to but not including 12.6.4 build the internal URL cache key by concatenating the destination and source path without a delimiter. Different destination and source pairs can therefore produce the same key while resolving to…

  • CVE-2026-36608HigJun 3, 2026
    risk 0.57cvss 8.8epss 0.00

    Mercusys AC12G (EU) V1 router with firmware AC12G(EU)_V1_200909 allows UPnP AddPortMapping to forward external ports to the router's own admin interface by accepting its own IP (192.168.1.1) or localhost (127.0.0.1) as InternalClient. An unauthenticated LAN attacker can expose…

  • CVE-2025-62718CriApr 9, 2026
    risk 0.57cvss 9.9epss 0.01

    Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.0 and 0.31.0, Axios does not correctly handle hostname normalization when checking NO_PROXY rules. Requests to loopback addresses like localhost. (with a trailing dot) or [::1] (IPv6 literal) skip…

  • CVE-2026-28466CriMar 5, 2026
    risk 0.57cvss 9.9epss 0.00

    OpenClaw versions prior to 2026.2.14 contain a vulnerability in the gateway in which it fails to sanitize internal approval fields in node.invoke parameters, allowing authenticated clients to bypass exec approval gating for system.run commands. Attackers with valid gateway…

  • CVE-2025-11393HigDec 15, 2025
    risk 0.57cvss 8.7epss 0.00

    A flaw was found in runtimes-inventory-rhel8-operator. An internal proxy component is incorrectly configured. Because of this flaw, the proxy attaches the cluster's main administrative credentials to any command it receives, instead of only the specific reports it is supposed to…

  • CVE-2022-39361HigOct 26, 2022
    risk 0.57cvss 8.8epss 0.01

    Metabase is data visualization software. Prior to versions 0.44.5, 1.44.5, 0.43.7, 1.43.7, 0.42.6, 1.42.6, 0.41.9, and 1.41.9, H2 (Sample Database) could allow Remote Code Execution (RCE), which can be abused by users able to write SQL queries on H2 databases. This issue is…

  • CVE-2024-30128HigSep 25, 2024
    risk 0.56cvss 8.6epss 0.00

    HCL Nomad server on Domino is affected by an open proxy vulnerability in which an unauthenticated attacker can mask their original source IP address. This may enable an attacker to trick the user into exposing sensitive information.