CWE-441
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Description
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
Hierarchy (View 1000)
Related attack patterns (CAPEC)
CAPEC-219 · CAPEC-465
CVEs mapped to this weakness (121)
page 5 of 7| CVE | Vendor / Product | Sev | Risk | CVSS | EPSS | KEV | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2018-16598 | Med | 0.38 | 5.9 | 0.02 | Dec 6, 2018 | An issue was discovered in Amazon Web Services (AWS) FreeRTOS through 1.3.1, FreeRTOS up to V10.0.1 (with FreeRTOS+TCP), and WITTENSTEIN WHIS Connect middleware TCP/IP component. In xProcessReceivedUDPPacket and prvParseDNSReply, any received DNS response is accepted, without… | ||
| CVE-2026-39961 | Med | 0.37 | 6.8 | 0.00 | Apr 9, 2026 | Aiven Operator allows you to provision and manage Aiven Services from your Kubernetes cluster. From 0.31.0 to before 0.37.0, a developer with create permission on ClickhouseUser CRDs in their own namespace can exfiltrate secrets from any other namespace — production database… | ||
| CVE-2025-36889 | Med | 0.36 | 5.5 | 0.00 | Dec 11, 2025 | In onCreateTasks of CameraActivity.java, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. | ||
| CVE-2025-32317 | Med | 0.36 | 5.5 | 0.00 | Sep 5, 2025 | In App Widget, there is a possible Information Disclosure due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. | ||
| CVE-2025-48560 | Med | 0.36 | 5.5 | 0.00 | Sep 4, 2025 | In AndroidManifest.xml, there is a possible way for an app to monitor motion events due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. | ||
| CVE-2025-48529 | Med | 0.36 | 5.5 | 0.00 | Sep 4, 2025 | In setRingtoneUri of VoicemailNotificationSettingsUtil.java , there is a possible cross user data leak due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. | ||
| CVE-2023-21082 | Med | 0.36 | 5.5 | 0.00 | Apr 19, 2023 | In getNumberFromCallIntent of NewOutgoingCallIntentBroadcaster.java, there is a possible way to enumerate other user's contact phone number due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not… | ||
| CVE-2026-33768 | Med | 0.35 | 6.5 | 0.00 | Mar 24, 2026 | Astro is a web framework. Prior to version 10.0.2, the @astrojs/vercel serverless entrypoint reads the x-astro-path header and x_astro_path query parameter to rewrite the internal request path, with no authentication whatsoever. On deployments without Edge Middleware, this lets… | ||
| CVE-2024-34068 | Med | 0.35 | 6.4 | 0.00 | May 3, 2024 | Pterodactyl wings is the server control plane for Pterodactyl Panel. An authenticated user who has access to a game server is able to bypass the previously implemented access control (GHSA-6rg3-8h8x-5xfv) that prevents accessing internal endpoints of the node hosting Wings in… | ||
| CVE-2026-54663 | Med | 0.33 | 6.1 | 0.00 | Jul 29, 2026 | swagger-typescript-api generates API clients for Fetch or Axios from OpenAPI specifications. Prior to 13.12.2, src/resolved-swagger-schema.ts warmUpRemoteSchemasCache resolves external $ref URLs and fetchRemoteSchemaDocument uses isHttpUrl to fetch any http or https target… | ||
| CVE-2026-50169 | Med | 0.33 | 6.1 | 0.00 | Jun 22, 2026 | Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 22.0.0-rc.2, 21.2.15 20.3.22, and 19.2.23, an issue in the @angular/service-worker package compromises the integrity of request-policy… | ||
| CVE-2026-27124 | Med | 0.33 | 6.1 | 0.00 | Apr 3, 2026 | FastMCP is the standard framework for building MCP applications. Prior to version 3.2.0, while testing the GitHubProvider OAuth integration, which allows authentication to a FastMCP MCP server via a FastMCP OAuthProxy using GitHub OAuth, it was discovered that the FastMCP… | ||
| CVE-2025-48551 | Med | 0.33 | 5.0 | 0.00 | Sep 4, 2025 | In multiple locations, there is a possible leak of an image across the Android User isolation boundary due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation. | ||
| CVE-2025-61780 | Med | 0.31 | 5.8 | 0.00 | Oct 10, 2025 | Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, a possible information disclosure vulnerability existed in `Rack::Sendfile` when running behind a proxy that supports `x-sendfile` headers (such as Nginx). Specially crafted headers could… | ||
| CVE-2026-41365 | Med | 0.28 | 5.4 | 0.00 | Apr 28, 2026 | OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a sender allowlist bypass vulnerability in MS Teams thread history fetched via Graph API. Attackers can retrieve thread messages that should be filtered by sender allowlists, bypassing message filtering restrictions. | ||
| CVE-2025-66415 | Med | 0.28 | 5.4 | 0.00 | Dec 1, 2025 | fastify-reply-from is a Fastify plugin to forward the current HTTP request to another server. Prior to 12.5.0, by crafting a malicious URL, an attacker could access routes that are not allowed, even though the reply.from is defined for specific routes in @fastify/reply-from.… | ||
| CVE-2024-9870 | Med | 0.28 | 4.3 | 0.00 | Feb 12, 2025 | An external service interaction vulnerability in GitLab EE affecting all versions from 15.11 prior to 17.6.5, 17.7 prior to 17.7.4, and 17.8 prior to 17.8.2 allows an attacker to send requests from the GitLab server to unintended services. | ||
| CVE-2015-10003 | Med | 0.28 | 4.3 | 0.01 | Jul 17, 2022 | A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in FileZilla Server up to 0.9.50. This affects an unknown part of the component PORT Handler. The manipulation leads to unintended intermediary. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. Upgrading to version… | ||
| CVE-2026-9595 | Med | 0.27 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Jun 15, 2026 | Impact: When a user-configured proxy on webpack-dev-server has a broad context (e.g. /) and ws: true, it also intercepts the dev server's own HMR WebSocket and forwards it to the proxy target. This leaks the browser's cookies and Origin header to the backend, bypasses the dev… | ||
| CVE-2026-6993 | Med | 0.27 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Apr 25, 2026 | A security flaw has been discovered in go-kratos kratos up to 2.9.2. This impacts the function NewServer of the file transport/http/server.go of the component http.DefaultServeMux Fallback Handler. The manipulation results in unintended intermediary. The attack may be launched… |
- risk 0.38cvss 5.9epss 0.02
An issue was discovered in Amazon Web Services (AWS) FreeRTOS through 1.3.1, FreeRTOS up to V10.0.1 (with FreeRTOS+TCP), and WITTENSTEIN WHIS Connect middleware TCP/IP component. In xProcessReceivedUDPPacket and prvParseDNSReply, any received DNS response is accepted, without…
- risk 0.37cvss 6.8epss 0.00
Aiven Operator allows you to provision and manage Aiven Services from your Kubernetes cluster. From 0.31.0 to before 0.37.0, a developer with create permission on ClickhouseUser CRDs in their own namespace can exfiltrate secrets from any other namespace — production database…
- risk 0.36cvss 5.5epss 0.00
In onCreateTasks of CameraActivity.java, there is a possible permission bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
- risk 0.36cvss 5.5epss 0.00
In App Widget, there is a possible Information Disclosure due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
- risk 0.36cvss 5.5epss 0.00
In AndroidManifest.xml, there is a possible way for an app to monitor motion events due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
- risk 0.36cvss 5.5epss 0.00
In setRingtoneUri of VoicemailNotificationSettingsUtil.java , there is a possible cross user data leak due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
- risk 0.36cvss 5.5epss 0.00
In getNumberFromCallIntent of NewOutgoingCallIntentBroadcaster.java, there is a possible way to enumerate other user's contact phone number due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with User execution privileges needed. User interaction is not…
- risk 0.35cvss 6.5epss 0.00
Astro is a web framework. Prior to version 10.0.2, the @astrojs/vercel serverless entrypoint reads the x-astro-path header and x_astro_path query parameter to rewrite the internal request path, with no authentication whatsoever. On deployments without Edge Middleware, this lets…
- risk 0.35cvss 6.4epss 0.00
Pterodactyl wings is the server control plane for Pterodactyl Panel. An authenticated user who has access to a game server is able to bypass the previously implemented access control (GHSA-6rg3-8h8x-5xfv) that prevents accessing internal endpoints of the node hosting Wings in…
- risk 0.33cvss 6.1epss 0.00
swagger-typescript-api generates API clients for Fetch or Axios from OpenAPI specifications. Prior to 13.12.2, src/resolved-swagger-schema.ts warmUpRemoteSchemasCache resolves external $ref URLs and fetchRemoteSchemaDocument uses isHttpUrl to fetch any http or https target…
- risk 0.33cvss 6.1epss 0.00
Angular is a development platform for building mobile and desktop web applications using TypeScript/JavaScript and other languages. Prior to 22.0.0-rc.2, 21.2.15 20.3.22, and 19.2.23, an issue in the @angular/service-worker package compromises the integrity of request-policy…
- risk 0.33cvss 6.1epss 0.00
FastMCP is the standard framework for building MCP applications. Prior to version 3.2.0, while testing the GitHubProvider OAuth integration, which allows authentication to a FastMCP MCP server via a FastMCP OAuthProxy using GitHub OAuth, it was discovered that the FastMCP…
- risk 0.33cvss 5.0epss 0.00
In multiple locations, there is a possible leak of an image across the Android User isolation boundary due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.
- risk 0.31cvss 5.8epss 0.00
Rack is a modular Ruby web server interface. Prior to versions 2.2.20, 3.1.18, and 3.2.3, a possible information disclosure vulnerability existed in `Rack::Sendfile` when running behind a proxy that supports `x-sendfile` headers (such as Nginx). Specially crafted headers could…
- risk 0.28cvss 5.4epss 0.00
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a sender allowlist bypass vulnerability in MS Teams thread history fetched via Graph API. Attackers can retrieve thread messages that should be filtered by sender allowlists, bypassing message filtering restrictions.
- risk 0.28cvss 5.4epss 0.00
fastify-reply-from is a Fastify plugin to forward the current HTTP request to another server. Prior to 12.5.0, by crafting a malicious URL, an attacker could access routes that are not allowed, even though the reply.from is defined for specific routes in @fastify/reply-from.…
- risk 0.28cvss 4.3epss 0.00
An external service interaction vulnerability in GitLab EE affecting all versions from 15.11 prior to 17.6.5, 17.7 prior to 17.7.4, and 17.8 prior to 17.8.2 allows an attacker to send requests from the GitLab server to unintended services.
- risk 0.28cvss 4.3epss 0.01
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in FileZilla Server up to 0.9.50. This affects an unknown part of the component PORT Handler. The manipulation leads to unintended intermediary. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. Upgrading to version…
- risk 0.27cvss 5.3epss 0.00
Impact: When a user-configured proxy on webpack-dev-server has a broad context (e.g. /) and ws: true, it also intercepts the dev server's own HMR WebSocket and forwards it to the proxy target. This leaks the browser's cookies and Origin header to the backend, bypasses the dev…
- risk 0.27cvss 5.3epss 0.00
A security flaw has been discovered in go-kratos kratos up to 2.9.2. This impacts the function NewServer of the file transport/http/server.go of the component http.DefaultServeMux Fallback Handler. The manipulation results in unintended intermediary. The attack may be launched…