CWE-441
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Description
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
Hierarchy (View 1000)
Related attack patterns (CAPEC)
CAPEC-219 · CAPEC-465
CVEs mapped to this weakness (165)
page 8 of 9| CVE | Vendor / Product | Sev | Risk | CVSS | EPSS | KEV | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2026-9595 | Med | 0.27 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Jun 15, 2026 | Impact: When a user-configured proxy on webpack-dev-server has a broad context (e.g. /) and ws: true, it also intercepts the dev server's own HMR WebSocket and forwards it to the proxy target. This leaks the browser's cookies and Origin header to the backend, bypasses the dev… | ||
| CVE-2026-6993 | Med | 0.27 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Apr 25, 2026 | A security flaw has been discovered in go-kratos kratos up to 2.9.2. This impacts the function NewServer of the file transport/http/server.go of the component http.DefaultServeMux Fallback Handler. The manipulation results in unintended intermediary. The attack may be launched… | ||
| CVE-2026-30225 | Med | 0.27 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Mar 6, 2026 | OliveTin gives access to predefined shell commands from a web interface. Prior to version 3000.11.1, an authentication context confusion vulnerability in RestartAction allows a low‑privileged authenticated user to execute actions they are not permitted to run. RestartAction… | ||
| CVE-2020-8561 | Med | 0.27 | 4.1 | 0.02 | Sep 20, 2021 | A security issue was discovered in Kubernetes where actors that control the responses of MutatingWebhookConfiguration or ValidatingWebhookConfiguration requests are able to redirect kube-apiserver requests to private networks of the apiserver. If that user can view… | ||
| CVE-2026-86115 | Med | 0.26 | 5.0 | 0.00 | Sep 5, 2026 | Sim before 0.8.14 classifies tool requests as internal based on URL prefix matching without scheme normalization, skipping SSRF validation and minting internal authentication tokens. Authenticated workflow authors can bypass external URL validation by supplying paths starting… | ||
| CVE-2026-45003 | Med | 0.26 | 5.0 | 0.00 | May 11, 2026 | OpenClaw before 2026.4.22 allows workspace dotenv files to override connector endpoint hosts for Matrix, Mattermost, IRC, and Synology connectors. Attackers with workspace access can redirect runtime traffic to malicious endpoints by setting endpoint variables in dotenv files. | ||
| CVE-2026-44992 | Med | 0.26 | 5.0 | 0.00 | May 11, 2026 | OpenClaw versions 2026.4.5 before 2026.4.20 contain an environment variable injection vulnerability allowing workspace dotenv to override MINIMAX_API_HOST. Attackers can redirect credentialed MiniMax API requests to attacker-controlled origins, exposing the MiniMax API key in… | ||
| CVE-2025-68944 | Med | 0.26 | 5.0 | 0.00 | Dec 26, 2025 | Gitea before 1.22.2 sometimes mishandles the propagation of token scope for access control within one of its own package registries. | ||
| CVE-2026-45519 | Low | 0.21 | 3.3 | 0.00 | Sep 8, 2026 | In screenArgsForPermissionCheckIfAny of multiple locations there is a possible risk of unauthorized access due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation. | ||
| CVE-2026-87442 | Low | 0.20 | 3.1 | 0.00 | Sep 9, 2026 | Confused deputy in Prerender in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially bypass web origin policy via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium) | ||
| CVE-2026-47122 | Med | 0.20 | 4.2 | 0.00 | Jul 21, 2026 | Sparkle is a software update framework for macOS. In versions up to and including 2.9.1, `Autoupdate/AppInstaller.m`'s `shouldAcceptNewConnection:` only enforces `SUCodeSigningVerifier validateConnection:` before stage 1 completes. After `_performedStage1Installation = YES`, new… | ||
| CVE-2026-48522 | Med | 0.20 | 4.2 | 0.00 | May 28, 2026 | PyJWT is a JSON Web Token implementation in Python. Prior to 2.13.0, PyJWKClient passes its uri argument directly to urllib.request.urlopen() which uses Python stdlib's default OpenerDirector registering HTTPHandler, HTTPSHandler, FTPHandler, FileHandler, and DataHandler. There… | ||
| CVE-2025-48710 | Med | 0.20 | 4.1 | 0.00 | Jun 4, 2025 | kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 before 0.2.1 allows users (with permission to create or modify ResourceGraphDefinition resources) to supply arbitrary container images. This can lead to a confused-deputy scenario where kro's controllers deploy and run attacker-controlled… | ||
| CVE-2021-25740 | Low | 0.20 | 3.1 | 0.02 | Sep 20, 2021 | A security issue was discovered with Kubernetes that could enable users to send network traffic to locations they would otherwise not have access to via a confused deputy attack. | ||
| CVE-2018-1999038 | Med | 0.20 | 4.2 | 0.00 | Aug 1, 2018 | A confused deputy vulnerability exists in Jenkins Publisher Over CIFS Plugin 0.10 and earlier in CifsPublisherPluginDescriptor.java that allows attackers to have Jenkins connect to an attacker specified CIFS server with attacker specified credentials. | ||
| CVE-2026-45182 | Low | 0.14 | 2.2 | 0.00 | May 9, 2026 | GrapheneOS before 2026050400 allows attackers to discover the real IP address of a VPN user as a consequence of a registerQuicConnectionClosePayload optimization, because an application can let system_server transmit UDP traffic on its behalf. This occurs when the "Block… | ||
| CVE-2026-45723 | Low | 0.11 | 2.7 | 0.00 | Sep 17, 2026 | Omni manages Kubernetes on bare metal, virtual machines, or in a cloud. Prior to 1.6.6 and 1.7.3, managementServer.CreateSchematic in internal/backend/grpc/schematics.go passes the caller-controlled TalosVersion field to imageFactoryClient.OverlaysVersions without validating it… | ||
| CVE-2026-15183 | Cri | 0.00 | — | 0.00 | Jul 14, 2026 | Multiple input validation vulnerabilities in the Snowflake Spark Connector (spark-snowflake) versions prior to 3.2.1 can allow attackers to exfiltrate OAuth client credentials, execute arbitrary SQL with the connector's Snowflake role, or redirect COPY operations to… | ||
| CVE-2026-56675 | Hig | 0.00 | 8.3 | 0.01 | Jul 10, 2026 | 9Router is an AI router & token saver. Prior to 0.5.2, 9router treats loopback requests as trusted and allows /v1/* access without an API key, so a same-host reverse proxy that forwards public traffic to the backend through 127.0.0.1 causes src/dashboardGuard.js to misclassify… | ||
| CVE-2026-12879 | Med | 0.00 | — | 0.00 | Jul 9, 2026 | An Improper Input Validation vulnerability in BigQuery DAO in Google Cloud Apigee versions prior to 2026-06-12 on Google Cloud Platform allows an authenticated attacker to exfiltrate cross-tenant data. This vulnerability was patched on 12 June 2026 on the Apigee Servers, and… |
- risk 0.27cvss 5.3epss 0.00
Impact: When a user-configured proxy on webpack-dev-server has a broad context (e.g. /) and ws: true, it also intercepts the dev server's own HMR WebSocket and forwards it to the proxy target. This leaks the browser's cookies and Origin header to the backend, bypasses the dev…
- risk 0.27cvss 5.3epss 0.00
A security flaw has been discovered in go-kratos kratos up to 2.9.2. This impacts the function NewServer of the file transport/http/server.go of the component http.DefaultServeMux Fallback Handler. The manipulation results in unintended intermediary. The attack may be launched…
- risk 0.27cvss 5.3epss 0.00
OliveTin gives access to predefined shell commands from a web interface. Prior to version 3000.11.1, an authentication context confusion vulnerability in RestartAction allows a low‑privileged authenticated user to execute actions they are not permitted to run. RestartAction…
- risk 0.27cvss 4.1epss 0.02
A security issue was discovered in Kubernetes where actors that control the responses of MutatingWebhookConfiguration or ValidatingWebhookConfiguration requests are able to redirect kube-apiserver requests to private networks of the apiserver. If that user can view…
- risk 0.26cvss 5.0epss 0.00
Sim before 0.8.14 classifies tool requests as internal based on URL prefix matching without scheme normalization, skipping SSRF validation and minting internal authentication tokens. Authenticated workflow authors can bypass external URL validation by supplying paths starting…
- risk 0.26cvss 5.0epss 0.00
OpenClaw before 2026.4.22 allows workspace dotenv files to override connector endpoint hosts for Matrix, Mattermost, IRC, and Synology connectors. Attackers with workspace access can redirect runtime traffic to malicious endpoints by setting endpoint variables in dotenv files.
- risk 0.26cvss 5.0epss 0.00
OpenClaw versions 2026.4.5 before 2026.4.20 contain an environment variable injection vulnerability allowing workspace dotenv to override MINIMAX_API_HOST. Attackers can redirect credentialed MiniMax API requests to attacker-controlled origins, exposing the MiniMax API key in…
- risk 0.26cvss 5.0epss 0.00
Gitea before 1.22.2 sometimes mishandles the propagation of token scope for access control within one of its own package registries.
- risk 0.21cvss 3.3epss 0.00
In screenArgsForPermissionCheckIfAny of multiple locations there is a possible risk of unauthorized access due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
- risk 0.20cvss 3.1epss 0.00
Confused deputy in Prerender in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process to potentially bypass web origin policy via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Medium)
- risk 0.20cvss 4.2epss 0.00
Sparkle is a software update framework for macOS. In versions up to and including 2.9.1, `Autoupdate/AppInstaller.m`'s `shouldAcceptNewConnection:` only enforces `SUCodeSigningVerifier validateConnection:` before stage 1 completes. After `_performedStage1Installation = YES`, new…
- risk 0.20cvss 4.2epss 0.00
PyJWT is a JSON Web Token implementation in Python. Prior to 2.13.0, PyJWKClient passes its uri argument directly to urllib.request.urlopen() which uses Python stdlib's default OpenerDirector registering HTTPHandler, HTTPSHandler, FTPHandler, FileHandler, and DataHandler. There…
- risk 0.20cvss 4.1epss 0.00
kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 before 0.2.1 allows users (with permission to create or modify ResourceGraphDefinition resources) to supply arbitrary container images. This can lead to a confused-deputy scenario where kro's controllers deploy and run attacker-controlled…
- risk 0.20cvss 3.1epss 0.02
A security issue was discovered with Kubernetes that could enable users to send network traffic to locations they would otherwise not have access to via a confused deputy attack.
- risk 0.20cvss 4.2epss 0.00
A confused deputy vulnerability exists in Jenkins Publisher Over CIFS Plugin 0.10 and earlier in CifsPublisherPluginDescriptor.java that allows attackers to have Jenkins connect to an attacker specified CIFS server with attacker specified credentials.
- risk 0.14cvss 2.2epss 0.00
GrapheneOS before 2026050400 allows attackers to discover the real IP address of a VPN user as a consequence of a registerQuicConnectionClosePayload optimization, because an application can let system_server transmit UDP traffic on its behalf. This occurs when the "Block…
- risk 0.11cvss 2.7epss 0.00
Omni manages Kubernetes on bare metal, virtual machines, or in a cloud. Prior to 1.6.6 and 1.7.3, managementServer.CreateSchematic in internal/backend/grpc/schematics.go passes the caller-controlled TalosVersion field to imageFactoryClient.OverlaysVersions without validating it…
- risk 0.00cvss —epss 0.00
Multiple input validation vulnerabilities in the Snowflake Spark Connector (spark-snowflake) versions prior to 3.2.1 can allow attackers to exfiltrate OAuth client credentials, execute arbitrary SQL with the connector's Snowflake role, or redirect COPY operations to…
- risk 0.00cvss 8.3epss 0.01
9Router is an AI router & token saver. Prior to 0.5.2, 9router treats loopback requests as trusted and allows /v1/* access without an API key, so a same-host reverse proxy that forwards public traffic to the backend through 127.0.0.1 causes src/dashboardGuard.js to misclassify…
- risk 0.00cvss —epss 0.00
An Improper Input Validation vulnerability in BigQuery DAO in Google Cloud Apigee versions prior to 2026-06-12 on Google Cloud Platform allows an authenticated attacker to exfiltrate cross-tenant data. This vulnerability was patched on 12 June 2026 on the Apigee Servers, and…