CWE-116
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
ClassDraftLikelihood: High
Description
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
Hierarchy (View 1000)
Related attack patterns (CAPEC)
CAPEC-104 · CAPEC-73 · CAPEC-81 · CAPEC-85
CVEs mapped to this weakness (81)
page 2 of 5| CVE | Sev | Risk | CVSS | EPSS | KEV | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2026-35569 | Hig | 0.50 | 8.7 | 0.00 | Apr 15, 2026 | ApostropheCMS is an open-source Node.js content management system. Versions 4.28.0 and prior contain a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in SEO-related fields (SEO Title and Meta Description), where user-controlled input is rendered without proper output encoding into HTML contexts including <title> tags, <meta> attributes, and JSON-LD structured data. An attacker can inject a payload such as "></title><script>alert(1)</script> to break out of the intended HTML context and execute arbitrary JavaScript in the browser of any authenticated user who views the affected page. This can be leveraged to perform authenticated API requests, access sensitive data such as usernames, email addresses, and roles via internal APIs, and exfiltrate it to an attacker-controlled server. This issue has been fixed in version 4.29.0. | |
| CVE-2026-34481 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Apr 10, 2026 | Apache Log4j's JsonTemplateLayout https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/manual/json-template-layout.html , in versions up to and including 2.25.3, produces invalid JSON output when log events contain non-finite floating-point values (NaN, Infinity, or -Infinity), which are prohibited by RFC 8259. This may cause downstream log processing systems to reject or fail to index affected records. An attacker can exploit this issue only if both of the following conditions are met: * The application uses JsonTemplateLayout. * The application logs a MapMessage containing an attacker-controlled floating-point value. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j JSON Template Layout 2.25.4, which corrects this issue. | |
| CVE-2026-34480 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Apr 10, 2026 | Apache Log4j Core's XmlLayout https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/manual/layouts.html#XmlLayout , in versions up to and including 2.25.3, fails to sanitize characters forbidden by the XML 1.0 specification https://www.w3.org/TR/xml/#charsets producing invalid XML output whenever a log message or MDC value contains such characters. The impact depends on the StAX implementation in use: * JRE built-in StAX: Forbidden characters are silently written to the output, producing malformed XML. Conforming parsers must reject such documents with a fatal error, which may cause downstream log-processing systems to drop the affected records. * Alternative StAX implementations (e.g., Woodstox https://github.com/FasterXML/woodstox , a transitive dependency of the Jackson XML Dataformat module): An exception is thrown during the logging call, and the log event is never delivered to its intended appender, only to Log4j's internal status logger. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j Core 2.25.4, which corrects this issue by sanitizing forbidden characters before XML output. | |
| CVE-2026-34479 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Apr 10, 2026 | The Log4j1XmlLayout from the Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge fails to escape characters forbidden by the XML 1.0 standard, producing malformed XML output. Conforming XML parsers are required to reject documents containing such characters with a fatal error, which may cause downstream log processing systems to drop or fail to index affected records. Two groups of users are affected: * Those using Log4j1XmlLayout directly in a Log4j Core 2 configuration file. * Those using the Log4j 1 configuration compatibility layer with org.apache.log4j.xml.XMLLayout specified as the layout class. Users are advised to upgrade to Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge version 2.25.4, which corrects this issue. Note: The Apache Log4j 1-to-Log4j 2 bridge is deprecated and will not be present in Log4j 3. Users are encouraged to consult the Log4j 1 to Log4j 2 migration guide https://logging.apache.org/log4j/2.x/migrate-from-log4j1.html , and specifically the section on eliminating reliance on the bridge. | |
| CVE-2026-34483 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Apr 9, 2026 | Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in the JsonAccessLogValve component of Apache Tomcat. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.20, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.53, from 9.0.40 through 9.0.116. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.21, 10.1.54 or 9.0.117 , which fix the issue. | |
| CVE-2026-35534 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.6 | 0.00 | Apr 7, 2026 | ChurchCRM is an open-source church management system. Prior to 7.1.0, a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability exists in PersonView.php due to incorrect use of sanitizeText() as an output sanitizer for HTML attribute context. The function only strips HTML tags, it does not escape quote characters allowing an attacker to break out of the href attribute and inject arbitrary JavaScript event handlers. Any authenticated user with the EditRecords role can store the payload in a person's Facebook field. The XSS fires against any user who views that person's profile page, including administrators, enabling session hijacking and full account takeover. This vulnerability is fixed in 7.1.0. | |
| CVE-2026-26027 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Apr 6, 2026 | GLPI is a free asset and IT management software package. From 11.0.0 to before 11.0.6, an unauthenticated user can store an XSS payload through the inventory endpoint. This vulnerability is fixed in 11.0.6. | |
| CVE-2024-46547 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Dec 9, 2024 | A vulnerability was found in Romain Bourdon Wampserver all versions (discovered in v3.2.3 and v3.2.6) where unauthorized users could access sensitive information due to improper access control validation via PHP Info Page. This issue can lead to data leaks. | |
| CVE-2017-12064 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.01 | Aug 1, 2017 | The csv_log_html function in library/edihistory/edih_csv_inc.php in OpenEMR 5.0.0 and prior allows attackers to bypass intended access restrictions via a crafted name. | |
| CVE-2016-3063 | Hig | 0.49 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Feb 7, 2017 | Multiple functions in NetApp OnCommand System Manager before 8.3.2 do not properly escape special characters, which allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary API calls via unspecified vectors. | |
| CVE-2026-43939 | Hig | 0.47 | 7.3 | 0.00 | May 12, 2026 | YetAnotherForum.NET (YAF.NET) is a C# ASP.NET forum. Prior to 4.0.5 and 3.2.12, the thread posting and reply feature accepts user-supplied content via a a post or reply that is stored server-side and later rendered back into the thread page without adequate HTML sanitization or contextual output encoding. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.0.5 and 3.2.12. | |
| CVE-2026-40871 | Hig | 0.47 | 7.2 | 0.00 | Apr 21, 2026 | mailcow: dockerized is an open source groupware/email suite based on docker. Versions prior to 2026-03b have a second-order SQL injection vulnerability in the quarantine_category field via the Mailcow API. The /api/v1/add/mailbox endpoint stores quarantine_category without validation or sanitization. This value is later used by quarantine_notify.py, which constructs SQL queries using unsafe % string formatting instead of parameterized queries. This results in a delayed (second-order) SQL injection when the quarantine notification job executes, allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary SQL. Using a UNION SELECT, sensitive data (e.g., admin credentials) can be exfiltrated and rendered inside quarantine notification emails. Version 2026-03b fixes the vulnerability. | |
| CVE-2026-25932 | Hig | 0.47 | 7.2 | 0.00 | Apr 6, 2026 | GLPI is a Free Asset and IT Management Software package. From 0.60 to before 10.0.24, an authenticated technician user can store an XSS payload in a supplier fields. This vulnerability is fixed in 10.0.24. | |
| CVE-2026-23880 | Hig | 0.47 | 7.3 | 0.00 | Jan 19, 2026 | OnboardLite is a comprehensive membership lifecycle platform built for student organizations at the University of Central Florida. Versions of the software prior to commit 1d32081a66f21bcf41df1ecb672490b13f6e429f have a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability that can be rendered to an admin when they attempt to migrate a user's discord account in the dashboard. Commit 1d32081a66f21bcf41df1ecb672490b13f6e429f patches the issue. | |
| CVE-2026-33941 | Hig | 0.46 | 8.2 | 0.00 | Mar 27, 2026 | Handlebars provides the power necessary to let users build semantic templates. In versions 4.0.0 through 4.7.8, the Handlebars CLI precompiler (`bin/handlebars` / `lib/precompiler.js`) concatenates user-controlled strings — template file names and several CLI options — directly into the JavaScript it emits, without any escaping or sanitization. An attacker who can influence template filenames or CLI arguments can inject arbitrary JavaScript that executes when the generated bundle is loaded in Node.js or a browser. Version 4.7.9 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. First, validate all CLI inputs before invoking the precompiler. Reject filenames and option values that contain characters with JavaScript string-escaping significance (`"`, `'`, `;`, etc.). Second, use a fixed, trusted namespace string passed via a configuration file rather than command-line arguments in automated pipelines. Third, run the precompiler in a sandboxed environment (container with no write access to sensitive paths) to limit the impact of successful exploitation. Fourth, audit template filenames in any repository or package that is consumed by an automated build pipeline. | |
| CVE-2025-61084 | Hig | 0.46 | 7.1 | 0.00 | Nov 5, 2025 | MDaemon Mail Server 23.5.2 validates SPF, DKIM, and DMARC using the email enclosed in angle brackets (<>) in the From: header of SMTP DATA. An attacker can craft a From: header with multiple invisible Unicode thin spaces to display a spoofed sender while passing validation, allowing email spoofing even when anti-spoofing protections are in place. NOTE: this is disputed by the Supplier because UI spoofing occurs in a client, not in a server such as MDaemon's product or any other server implementation. Also, if a client without its own spoofing protection must be used, the Header Screening feature in MDaemon's product can be employed to mitigate the client-side vulnerability. | |
| CVE-2025-61773 | Hig | 0.46 | 8.1 | 0.00 | Oct 9, 2025 | pyLoad is a free and open-source download manager written in Python. In versions prior to 0.5.0b3.dev91, pyLoad web interface contained insufficient input validation in both the Captcha script endpoint and the Click'N'Load (CNL) Blueprint. This flaw allowed untrusted user input to be processed unsafely, which could be exploited by an attacker to inject arbitrary content into the web UI or manipulate request handling. The vulnerability could lead to client-side code execution (XSS) or other unintended behaviors when a malicious payload is submitted. user-supplied parameters from HTTP requests were not adequately validated or sanitized before being passed into the application logic and response generation. This allowed crafted input to alter the expected execution flow. CNL (Click'N'Load) blueprint exposed unsafe handling of untrusted parameters in HTTP requests. The application did not consistently enforce input validation or encoding, making it possible for an attacker to craft malicious requests. Version 0.5.0b3.dev91 contains a patch for the issue. | |
| CVE-2025-24338 | Hig | 0.46 | 7.1 | 0.00 | Apr 30, 2025 | A vulnerability in the “Manages app data” functionality of the web application of ctrlX OS allows a remote authenticated (lowprivileged) attacker to execute arbitrary client-side code in the context of another user's browser via multiple crafted HTTP requests. | |
| CVE-2025-32078 | Med | 0.45 | — | 0.00 | Apr 11, 2025 | Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki - Version Compare Extension allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).This issue affects Mediawiki - Version Compare Extension: from 1.39 through 1.43. | |
| CVE-2025-32072 | Med | 0.45 | — | 0.01 | Apr 11, 2025 | Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in The Wikimedia Foundation Mediawiki Core - Feed Utils allows WebView Injection.This issue affects Mediawiki Core - Feed Utils: from 1.39 through 1.43. |