CWE-116
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
ClassDraftLikelihood: High
Description
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
Hierarchy (View 1000)
Related attack patterns (CAPEC)
CAPEC-104 · CAPEC-73 · CAPEC-81 · CAPEC-85
CVEs mapped to this weakness (81)
page 4 of 5| CVE | Sev | Risk | CVSS | EPSS | KEV | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2025-46583 | Med | 0.34 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Oct 27, 2025 | There is a Denial of Service（DoS）vulnerability in the ZTE MC889A Pro product. Due to insufficient validation of the input parameters of the Short Message Service interface, allowing an attacker to exploit it to carry out a DoS attack. | |
| CVE-2024-56277 | Med | 0.34 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Jan 21, 2025 | Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Ays Pro Poll Maker poll-maker.This issue affects Poll Maker: from n/a through < 5.5.5. | |
| CVE-2026-27469 | Med | 0.33 | 6.1 | 0.00 | Feb 21, 2026 | Isso is a lightweight commenting server written in Python and JavaScript. In commits before 0afbfe0691ee237963e8fb0b2ee01c9e55ca2144, there is a stored Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability affecting the website and author comment fields. The website field was HTML-escaped using quote=False, which left single and double quotes unescaped. Since the frontend inserts the website value directly into a single-quoted href attribute via string concatenation, a single quote in the URL breaks out of the attribute context, allowing injection of arbitrary event handlers (e.g. onmouseover, onclick). The same escaping is missing entirely from the user-facing comment edit endpoint (PUT /id/) and the moderation edit endpoint (POST /id//edit/). This issue has been patched in commit 0afbfe0691ee237963e8fb0b2ee01c9e55ca2144. To workaround, nabling comment moderation (moderation = enabled = true in isso.cfg) prevents unauthenticated users from publishing comments, raising the bar for exploitation, but it does not fully mitigate the issue since a moderator activating a malicious comment would still expose visitors. | |
| CVE-2025-34141 | Med | 0.33 | — | 0.01 | Jul 22, 2025 | A reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability exists in ETQ Reliance CG (legacy) platform within the `SQLConverterServlet` component. This vulnerability requires user interaction, such as clicking a crafted link, and may result in execution of unauthorized scripts in the user's context. The affected servlet was unnecessarily exposed to authenticated users and has since been disabled in version SE.2025.1. | |
| CVE-2026-40593 | Med | 0.31 | 4.8 | 0.00 | Apr 18, 2026 | ChurchCRM is an open-source church management system. In versions prior to 7.2.0, the User Editor (UserEditor.php) renders stored usernames directly into an HTML input value attribute without applying htmlspecialchars(). An administrator can save a username containing HTML attribute-breaking characters and event handlers, which execute in the browser of any administrator who subsequently views that user's editor page, resulting in stored XSS. This issue has been fixed in version 7.2.0. | |
| CVE-2026-33657 | Med | 0.30 | 4.6 | 0.00 | Apr 13, 2026 | EspoCRM is an open source customer relationship management application. Versions 9.3.3 and below have a stored HTML injection vulnerability that allows any authenticated user with standard (non-administrative) privileges to inject arbitrary HTML into system-generated email notifications by crafting malicious content in the post field of stream activity notes. The vulnerability exists because server-side Handlebars templates render the post field using unescaped triple-brace syntax, the Markdown processor preserves inline HTML by default, and the rendering pipeline explicitly skips sanitization for fields present in additionalData, creating a path where attacker-controlled HTML is accepted, stored, and rendered directly into emails without any escaping. Since the emails are sent using the system's configured SMTP identity (such as an administrative sender address), the injected content appears fully trusted to recipients, enabling phishing attacks, user tracking via embedded resources like image beacons, and UI manipulation within email content. The @mention feature further increases the impact by allowing targeted delivery of malicious emails to specific users. This issue has been fixed in version 9.3.4. | |
| CVE-2026-6058 | Med | 0.29 | 4.5 | 0.00 | Apr 21, 2026 | ** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** An improper encoding or escaping vulnerability in the CGI program of Zyxel WRE6505 v2 firmware version V1.00(ABDV.3)C0 could allow an adjacent attacker on the WLAN to cause a denial-of-service (DoS) condition in the web management interface by convincing an authenticated administrator to visit the “AP Select” page while a malformed SSID is present. | |
| CVE-2026-44429 | Med | 0.28 | 5.4 | 0.00 | May 14, 2026 | The MCP Registry provides MCP clients with a list of MCP servers, like an app store for MCP servers. Prior to 1.7.7, the public catalogue UI served at GET / (file internal/api/handlers/v0/ui_index.html) is vulnerable to stored cross-site scripting via the server.websiteUrl field of any published server.json. Server-side validation in internal/validators/validators.go (validateWebsiteURL) only checks that the URL parses, is absolute, and uses the https scheme; it does not reject quote characters. Client-side, the value is interpolated into a double-quoted href attribute via innerHTML, using a homegrown escapeHtml helper that performs the standard textContent → innerHTML round-trip. Per the HTML serialisation algorithm, that round-trip encodes only &, <, > and U+00A0 inside text nodes — it does not encode " or '. A literal " in websiteUrl therefore breaks out of the href attribute, allowing arbitrary on* event handlers to be appended to the same <a> element. The Content-Security-Policy on / is script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://cdn.tailwindcss.com, so the injected event handlers execute. Any user able to obtain a publish token (e.g. via POST /v0/auth/github-at with their own GitHub account, or POST /v0/auth/none on a deployment that has anonymous auth enabled) can plant a poisoned record visible to every visitor of the registry homepage. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.7.7. | |
| CVE-2026-44458 | Med | 0.28 | 4.3 | 0.00 | May 13, 2026 | Hono is a Web application framework that provides support for any JavaScript runtime. Prior to 4.12.18, the JSX renderer escapes style attribute object values for HTML but not for CSS. Untrusted input in a style object value or property name can therefore inject additional CSS declarations into the rendered style attribute. The impact is limited to CSS and does not allow JavaScript execution or HTML attribute breakout. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.12.18. | |
| CVE-2026-41318 | Med | 0.28 | 5.4 | 0.00 | Apr 24, 2026 | AnythingLLM is an application that turns pieces of content into context that any LLM can use as references during chatting. Prior to version 1.12.1, AnythingLLM's in-chat markdown renderer has an unsafe custom rule for images that interpolates the markdown image's `alt` text into an HTML `alt="..."` attribute without any HTML encoding. Every call-site in the app wraps `renderMarkdown(...)` with `DOMPurify.sanitize(...)` as defense-in-depth — except the `Chartable` component, which renders chart captions with no sanitization. The chart caption is the natural-language text the LLM emits around a `create-chart` tool call, so any attacker who can influence the LLM's output — most cheaply via indirect prompt injection in a shared workspace document, or directly if they can create a chart record in a multi-user workspace — can trigger stored DOM-level XSS in every other user's browser when they open that conversation. AnythingLLM chat history is loaded server-side via `GET /api/workspace/:slug/chats` and rendered directly into the chat UI. Version 1.12.1 contains a patch for this issue. | |
| CVE-2026-35208 | Med | 0.28 | 5.4 | 0.00 | Apr 6, 2026 | lichess.org is the forever free, adless and open source chess server. Any approved streamer can inject arbitrary HTML into /streamer and the homepage “Live streams” widget by placing markup in their Twitch/YouTube stream title. CSP is present and blocks inline script execution, but the issue is still a server-side HTML injection sink. To trigger this, a Lichess account only needs to satisfy the normal streamer requirements and get approved. Per Streamer.canApply, that means an account older than 2 days with at least 15 games, or a verified/titled account. After moderator approval, once the streamer goes live, Lichess pulls the platform title and renders it into the UI as-is. No extra privileges are needed beyond a normal approved streamer profile. This vulnerability is fixed with commit 0d5002696ae705e1888bf77de107c73de57bb1b3. | |
| CVE-2026-0818 | Med | 0.28 | 4.3 | 0.00 | Jan 28, 2026 | When a user explicitly requested Thunderbird to decrypt an inline OpenPGP message that was embedded in a text section of an email that was formatted and styled with HTML and CSS, then the decrypted contents were rendered in a context in which the CSS styles from the outer messages were active. If the user had additionally allowed loading of the remote content referenced by the outer email message, and the email was crafted by the sender using a combination of CSS rules and fonts and animations, then it was possible to extract the secret contents of the email. This vulnerability was fixed in Thunderbird 147.0.1 and Thunderbird 140.7.1. | |
| CVE-2025-0607 | Med | 0.28 | 4.3 | 0.00 | Oct 6, 2025 | Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Logo Software Inc. Logo Cloud allows Phishing.This issue affects Logo Cloud: before 2.57. | |
| CVE-2025-8276 | Med | 0.28 | 4.3 | 0.00 | Sep 16, 2025 | Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting'), Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output, Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection') vulnerability in Patika Global Technologies HumanSuite allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Phishing.This issue affects HumanSuite: before 53.21.0. | |
| CVE-2017-12340 | Med | 0.27 | 4.2 | 0.00 | Nov 30, 2017 | A vulnerability in Cisco NX-OS System Software running on Cisco MDS Multilayer Director Switches, Cisco Nexus 7000 Series Switches, and Cisco Nexus 7700 Series Switches could allow an authenticated, local attacker to access the Bash shell of an affected device's operating system, even if the Bash shell is disabled on the system. The vulnerability is due to insufficient sanitization of user-supplied parameters that are passed to certain functions of the Python scripting sandbox of the affected system. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability to escape the scripting sandbox and enter the Bash shell of the operating system with the privileges of the authenticated user for the affected system. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have local access to the affected system and be authenticated to the affected system with administrative or Python execution privileges. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvd86513. | |
| CVE-2026-42040 | Low | 0.24 | 3.7 | 0.00 | Apr 24, 2026 | Axios is a promise based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. Prior to 1.15.1 and 0.31.1, the encode() function in lib/helpers/AxiosURLSearchParams.js contains a character mapping (charMap) at line 21 that reverses the safe percent-encoding of null bytes. After encodeURIComponent('\x00') correctly produces the safe sequence %00, the charMap entry '%00': '\x00' converts it back to a raw null byte. Primary impact is limited because the standard axios request flow is not affected. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.15.1 and 0.31.1. | |
| CVE-2026-33597 | Low | 0.24 | 3.7 | 0.00 | Apr 22, 2026 | PRSD detection denial of service | |
| CVE-2026-33436 | Low | 0.20 | 3.1 | 0.00 | Apr 17, 2026 | Stirling-PDF is a locally hosted web application that facilitates various operations on PDF files. In versions prior to 2.0.0, file upload endpoints render user-supplied filenames directly into HTML using unsafe methods like innerHTML without sanitization. An attacker can craft a file with a malicious filename containing JavaScript that executes in the uploading user's browser context, resulting in reflected XSS. The issue affects numerous upload endpoints across the application. The issue has been fixed in version 2.0.0. | |
| CVE-2023-28362 | Med | 0.19 | 4.0 | 0.00 | Jan 9, 2025 | The redirect_to method in Rails allows provided values to contain characters which are not legal in an HTTP header value. This results in the potential for downstream services which enforce RFC compliance on HTTP response headers to remove the assigned Location header. | |
| CVE-2013-4547 | 0.10 | — | 0.91 | Nov 23, 2013 | nginx 0.8.41 through 1.4.3 and 1.5.x before 1.5.7 allows remote attackers to bypass intended restrictions via an unescaped space character in a URI. |