CWE-325
Missing Cryptographic Step
Description
The product does not implement a required step in a cryptographic algorithm, resulting in weaker encryption than advertised by the algorithm.
Hierarchy (View 1000)
Related attack patterns (CAPEC)
CAPEC-68
CVEs mapped to this weakness (34)
page 1 of 2| CVE | Vendor / Product | Sev | Risk | CVSS | EPSS | KEV | Published | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2024-53441 | — | Cri | 0.59 | 9.1 | 0.00 | Dec 9, 2024 | An issue in the index.js decryptCookie function of cookie-encrypter v1.0.1 allows attackers to execute a bit flipping attack. | |
| CVE-2026-4601 | Hig | 0.50 | 8.7 | 0.00 | Mar 23, 2026 | Versions of the package jsrsasign before 11.1.1 are vulnerable to Missing Cryptographic Step via the KJUR.crypto.DSA.signWithMessageHash process in the DSA signing implementation. An attacker can recover the private key by forcing r or s to be zero, so the library emits an… | ||
| CVE-2025-30147 | Hig | 0.50 | — | 0.00 | May 7, 2025 | Besu Native contains scripts and tooling that is used to build and package the native libraries used by the Ethereum client Hyperledger Besu. Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, corresponding to besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1, have a potential consensus bug for the precompiles… | ||
| CVE-2026-9266 | Hig | 0.45 | — | 0.00 | Jun 12, 2026 | A Missing Required Cryptographic Step vulnerability has been identified in Moxa's embedded Linux firmware for industrial computers and controllers. This vulnerability represents an incomplete remediation of CVE-2026-0714. The firmware introduced TPM2 parameter encryption as a… | ||
| CVE-2018-5383 | Med | 0.44 | 6.8 | 0.01 | Aug 7, 2018 | Bluetooth firmware or operating system software drivers in macOS versions before 10.13, High Sierra and iOS versions before 11.4, and Android versions before the 2018-06-05 patch may not sufficiently validate elliptic curve parameters used to generate public keys during a… | ||
| CVE-2026-45445 | Hig | 0.42 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Jun 9, 2026 | Issue summary: When an application drives an AES-OCB context through the public EVP_Cipher() one-shot interface, the application-supplied initialisation vector (IV) is silently discarded. Impact summary: Every message encrypted under the same key uses the same effective nonce… | ||
| CVE-2026-41395 | Hig | 0.42 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Apr 28, 2026 | OpenClaw before 2026.3.28 contains a webhook replay vulnerability in Plivo V3 signature verification that canonicalizes query ordering for signatures but hashes raw URLs for replay detection. Attackers can reorder query parameters to bypass replay cache detection and trigger… | ||
| CVE-2026-4258 | Hig | 0.42 | 7.5 | 0.00 | Mar 17, 2026 | All versions of the package sjcl are vulnerable to Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature due to missing point-on-curve validation in sjcl.ecc.basicKey.publicKey(). An attacker can recover a victim's ECDH private key by sending crafted off-curve public keys and… | ||
| CVE-2021-22946 | Hig | 0.42 | 7.5 | 0.04 | Sep 29, 2021 | A user can tell curl >= 7.20.0 and <= 7.78.0 to require a successful upgrade to TLS when speaking to an IMAP, POP3 or FTP server (`--ssl-reqd` on the command line or`CURLOPT_USE_SSL` set to `CURLUSESSL_CONTROL` or `CURLUSESSL_ALL` withlibcurl). This requirement could be bypassed… | ||
| CVE-2026-49440 | hig | 0.38 | — | 0.00 | Jun 16, 2026 | ## Summary `node:crypto.checkPrime(candidate[, options][, callback])` and `crypto.checkPrimeSync(candidate[, options])` ran no Miller-Rabin rounds at all when the caller left `options.checks` at its default of `0`. In that mode, the only test applied to the candidate was trial… | ||
| CVE-2016-9574 | Med | 0.38 | 5.9 | 0.01 | Jul 19, 2018 | nss before version 3.30 is vulnerable to a remote denial of service during the session handshake when using SessionTicket extension and ECDHE-ECDSA. | ||
| CVE-2026-48480 | Med | 0.36 | — | 0.00 | Jun 4, 2026 | The netty incubator codec.bhttp is a java language binary http parser. Prior to version 0.0.22.FInal, the codec-ohttp implementation of draft-ietf-ohai-chunked-ohttp does not verify that a cryptographically-signed final chunk was received before the outer HTTP body terminates.… | ||
| CVE-2026-29142 | Med | 0.34 | 5.3 | 0.00 | Apr 2, 2026 | SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.3 allows an attacker to forge a GINA-encrypted email. | ||
| CVE-2025-58359 | Med | 0.32 | — | 0.00 | Sep 5, 2025 | ZF FROST is a Rust implementation of FROST (Flexible Round-Optimised Schnorr Threshold signatures). In versions 2.0.0 through 2.1.0, refresh shares with smaller min_signers will reduce security of group. The inability to change min_signers (i.e. the threshold) with the refresh… | ||
| CVE-2025-49600 | Med | 0.32 | 4.9 | 0.00 | Jul 4, 2025 | In MbedTLS 3.3.0 before 3.6.4, mbedtls_lms_verify may accept invalid signatures if hash computation fails and internal errors go unchecked, enabling LMS (Leighton-Micali Signature) forgery in a fault scenario. Specifically, unchecked return values in mbedtls_lms_verify allow an… | ||
| CVE-2026-0420 | Med | 0.30 | — | 0.00 | Jun 9, 2026 | An improper implementation of TLS certificate validation vulnerability found in NETGEAR's ReadyCloud client app which could allow an attacker to perform attacker-in-the-middle (MiTM) style attacks impacting the product's confidentiality. This vulnerability affects the listed… | ||
| CVE-2025-69418 | Med | 0.26 | 4.0 | 0.00 | Jan 27, 2026 | Issue summary: When using the low-level OCB API directly with AES-NI orother hardware-accelerated code paths, inputs whose length is not a multipleof 16 bytes can leave the final partial block unencrypted and unauthenticated.Impact summary: The trailing 1-15… | ||
| CVE-2026-45446 | Med | 0.24 | 4.8 | 0.00 | Jun 9, 2026 | Issue summary: The implementations of AES-SIV (RFC 5297) and AES-GCM-SIV (RFC 8452) mishandle the authentication of AAD (Additional Authenticated Data) with an empty ciphertext allowing a forgery of such messages. Impact summary: An attacker can forge empty messages with… | ||
| CVE-2025-5323 | Low | 0.24 | 3.7 | 0.00 | May 29, 2025 | A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in fossasia open-event-server 1.19.1. This issue affects the function send_email_change_user_email of the file /fossasia/open-event-server/blob/development/app/api/helpers/mail.py of the component Mail… | ||
| CVE-2025-59339 | Med | 0.22 | 4.4 | 0.00 | Sep 17, 2025 | The Bastion provides authentication, authorization, traceability and auditability for SSH accesses. Session-recording ttyrec files, may be handled by the provided osh-encrypt-rsync script that is a helper to rotate, encrypt, sign, copy, and optionally move them to a remote… |
- risk 0.59cvss 9.1epss 0.00
An issue in the index.js decryptCookie function of cookie-encrypter v1.0.1 allows attackers to execute a bit flipping attack.
- risk 0.50cvss 8.7epss 0.00
Versions of the package jsrsasign before 11.1.1 are vulnerable to Missing Cryptographic Step via the KJUR.crypto.DSA.signWithMessageHash process in the DSA signing implementation. An attacker can recover the private key by forcing r or s to be zero, so the library emits an…
- risk 0.50cvss —epss 0.00
Besu Native contains scripts and tooling that is used to build and package the native libraries used by the Ethereum client Hyperledger Besu. Besu 24.7.1 through 25.2.2, corresponding to besu-native versions 0.9.0 through 1.2.1, have a potential consensus bug for the precompiles…
- risk 0.45cvss —epss 0.00
A Missing Required Cryptographic Step vulnerability has been identified in Moxa's embedded Linux firmware for industrial computers and controllers. This vulnerability represents an incomplete remediation of CVE-2026-0714. The firmware introduced TPM2 parameter encryption as a…
- risk 0.44cvss 6.8epss 0.01
Bluetooth firmware or operating system software drivers in macOS versions before 10.13, High Sierra and iOS versions before 11.4, and Android versions before the 2018-06-05 patch may not sufficiently validate elliptic curve parameters used to generate public keys during a…
- risk 0.42cvss 7.5epss 0.00
Issue summary: When an application drives an AES-OCB context through the public EVP_Cipher() one-shot interface, the application-supplied initialisation vector (IV) is silently discarded. Impact summary: Every message encrypted under the same key uses the same effective nonce…
- risk 0.42cvss 7.5epss 0.00
OpenClaw before 2026.3.28 contains a webhook replay vulnerability in Plivo V3 signature verification that canonicalizes query ordering for signatures but hashes raw URLs for replay detection. Attackers can reorder query parameters to bypass replay cache detection and trigger…
- risk 0.42cvss 7.5epss 0.00
All versions of the package sjcl are vulnerable to Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature due to missing point-on-curve validation in sjcl.ecc.basicKey.publicKey(). An attacker can recover a victim's ECDH private key by sending crafted off-curve public keys and…
- risk 0.42cvss 7.5epss 0.04
A user can tell curl >= 7.20.0 and <= 7.78.0 to require a successful upgrade to TLS when speaking to an IMAP, POP3 or FTP server (`--ssl-reqd` on the command line or`CURLOPT_USE_SSL` set to `CURLUSESSL_CONTROL` or `CURLUSESSL_ALL` withlibcurl). This requirement could be bypassed…
- risk 0.38cvss —epss 0.00
## Summary `node:crypto.checkPrime(candidate[, options][, callback])` and `crypto.checkPrimeSync(candidate[, options])` ran no Miller-Rabin rounds at all when the caller left `options.checks` at its default of `0`. In that mode, the only test applied to the candidate was trial…
- risk 0.38cvss 5.9epss 0.01
nss before version 3.30 is vulnerable to a remote denial of service during the session handshake when using SessionTicket extension and ECDHE-ECDSA.
- risk 0.36cvss —epss 0.00
The netty incubator codec.bhttp is a java language binary http parser. Prior to version 0.0.22.FInal, the codec-ohttp implementation of draft-ietf-ohai-chunked-ohttp does not verify that a cryptographically-signed final chunk was received before the outer HTTP body terminates.…
- risk 0.34cvss 5.3epss 0.00
SEPPmail Secure Email Gateway before version 15.0.3 allows an attacker to forge a GINA-encrypted email.
- risk 0.32cvss —epss 0.00
ZF FROST is a Rust implementation of FROST (Flexible Round-Optimised Schnorr Threshold signatures). In versions 2.0.0 through 2.1.0, refresh shares with smaller min_signers will reduce security of group. The inability to change min_signers (i.e. the threshold) with the refresh…
- risk 0.32cvss 4.9epss 0.00
In MbedTLS 3.3.0 before 3.6.4, mbedtls_lms_verify may accept invalid signatures if hash computation fails and internal errors go unchecked, enabling LMS (Leighton-Micali Signature) forgery in a fault scenario. Specifically, unchecked return values in mbedtls_lms_verify allow an…
- risk 0.30cvss —epss 0.00
An improper implementation of TLS certificate validation vulnerability found in NETGEAR's ReadyCloud client app which could allow an attacker to perform attacker-in-the-middle (MiTM) style attacks impacting the product's confidentiality. This vulnerability affects the listed…
- risk 0.26cvss 4.0epss 0.00
Issue summary: When using the low-level OCB API directly with AES-NI orother hardware-accelerated code paths, inputs whose length is not a multipleof 16 bytes can leave the final partial block unencrypted and unauthenticated.Impact summary: The trailing 1-15…
- risk 0.24cvss 4.8epss 0.00
Issue summary: The implementations of AES-SIV (RFC 5297) and AES-GCM-SIV (RFC 8452) mishandle the authentication of AAD (Additional Authenticated Data) with an empty ciphertext allowing a forgery of such messages. Impact summary: An attacker can forge empty messages with…
- risk 0.24cvss 3.7epss 0.00
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in fossasia open-event-server 1.19.1. This issue affects the function send_email_change_user_email of the file /fossasia/open-event-server/blob/development/app/api/helpers/mail.py of the component Mail…
- risk 0.22cvss 4.4epss 0.00
The Bastion provides authentication, authorization, traceability and auditability for SSH accesses. Session-recording ttyrec files, may be handled by the provided osh-encrypt-rsync script that is a helper to rotate, encrypt, sign, copy, and optionally move them to a remote…