Unrated severityNVD Advisory· Published May 27, 2026· Updated May 27, 2026

CVE-2026-46074

Description

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

Make sure to deregister the controller, disable pins, and kill and free the RX URB on probe failures to mirror disconnect and avoid memory leaks and use-after-free.

Also add an explicit URB kill on disconnect for symmetry (even if that is not strictly required as USB core would have stopped it in the current setup).

AI Insight

LLM-synthesized narrative grounded in this CVE's description and references.

Memory leaks and use-after-free in Linux kernel's spi ch341 driver due to missing cleanup on probe failures.

Vulnerability

The Linux kernel's spi ch341 driver contains a vulnerability where probe failures do not properly deregister the controller, disable pins, or kill and free the RX URB. This leads to memory leaks and potential use-after-free conditions. The issue affects kernel versions prior to the fix in commit ff8a7996dc8b [1].

Exploitation

An attacker would need to trigger a probe failure in the spi ch341 driver, for example by inserting a malicious USB device that causes the probe to fail. No special privileges are required beyond physical USB access or the ability to trigger device enumeration.

Impact

Successful exploitation can result in memory leaks and use-after-free, potentially leading to system instability or privilege escalation through kernel memory corruption.

Mitigation

The fix is included in commit ff8a7996dc8b [1] in the Linux kernel stable tree. Users should update to a kernel version containing this commit. No workaround is available.

References

Making sure you're not a bot!

AI Insight generated on May 27, 2026. Synthesized from this CVE's description and the cited reference URLs; citations are validated against the source bundle.

Affected products

Ubuntu/Linux Kernelllm-fuzzy

Patches

5c6518633702

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026Fixed in 6.12.86via kernel-cna

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 0db74e95552f90..850b428b8f64fd 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 0db74e95552f90..850b428b8f64fd 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

9bee2faf9e21

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026Fixed in 7.0.4via kernel-cna

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

b99e3ddb91b4

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026Fixed in 7.1-rc1via kernel-cna

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

ff8a7996dc8b

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026Fixed in 6.18.27via kernel-cna

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

b99e3ddb91b4

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026via nvd-ref

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

9bee2faf9e21

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026via nvd-ref

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

ff8a7996dc8b

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026via nvd-ref

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 79d2f9ab4ef037..ded09356626058 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

5c6518633702

spi: ch341: fix memory leaks on probe failures

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.gitJohan HovoldMar 27, 2026via nvd-ref

commit

2 files changed · +50 −24

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 0db74e95552f90..850b428b8f64fd 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c+25 −12 modified

diff --git a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
index 0db74e95552f90..850b428b8f64fd 100644
--- a/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
+++ b/drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c
@@ -173,17 +173,17 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ch341->tx_buf =
 		devm_kzalloc(&udev->dev, CH341_PACKET_LENGTH, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (!ch341->tx_buf)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->tx_buf) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_free_urb;
+	}
 
 	usb_fill_bulk_urb(ch341->rx_urb, udev, ch341->read_pipe, ch341->rx_buf,
 			  ch341->rx_len, ch341_recv, ch341);
 
 	ret = usb_submit_urb(ch341->rx_urb, GFP_KERNEL);
-	if (ret) {
-		usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
-		return -ENOMEM;
-	}
+	if (ret)
+		goto err_free_urb;
 
 	ctrl->bus_num = -1;
 	ctrl->mode_bits = SPI_CPHA;
@@ -195,21 +195,34 @@ static int ch341_probe(struct usb_interface *intf,
 
 	ret = ch341_config_stream(ch341);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = ch341_enable_pins(ch341, true);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_kill_urb;
 
 	ret = spi_register_controller(ctrl);
 	if (ret)
-		return ret;
+		goto err_disable_pins;
 
 	ch341->spidev = spi_new_device(ctrl, &chip);
-	if (!ch341->spidev)
-		return -ENOMEM;
+	if (!ch341->spidev) {
+		ret = -ENOMEM;
+		goto err_unregister;
+	}
 
 	return 0;
+
+err_unregister:
+	spi_unregister_controller(ctrl);
+err_disable_pins:
+	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+err_kill_urb:
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+err_free_urb:
+	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
@@ -219,6 +232,7 @@ static void ch341_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf)
 	spi_unregister_device(ch341->spidev);
 	spi_unregister_controller(ch341->ctrl);
 	ch341_enable_pins(ch341, false);
+	usb_kill_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 	usb_free_urb(ch341->rx_urb);
 }
 
-- 
cgit 1.3-korg

Vulnerability mechanics

Root cause

"Missing error-path cleanup in ch341_probe() — early returns on failure skip deregistering the SPI controller, disabling pins, and killing/freeing the RX URB, leading to memory leaks and potential use-after-free."

Attack vector

An attacker with physical USB access can plug a CH341-based SPI device that triggers a probe failure (e.g. by causing `ch341_config_stream`, `ch341_enable_pins`, `spi_register_controller`, or `spi_new_device` to fail). Because the original `ch341_probe()` function returned immediately on error without cleaning up the already-allocated RX URB, registered controller, or enabled pins, repeated plugging of such a device leaks kernel memory and can lead to use-after-free of the RX URB. No special network path or authentication is required — the precondition is simply that the vulnerable driver is loaded and the device is physically connected.

Affected code

The vulnerable code is in `drivers/spi/spi-ch341.c` in the `ch341_probe()` function (the probe path) and the `ch341_disconnect()` function. The probe function lacked proper error-path cleanup after `usb_submit_urb()`, `ch341_config_stream()`, `ch341_enable_pins()`, `spi_register_controller()`, and `spi_new_device()` failures [patch_id=2659931].

What the fix does

The patch replaces direct `return` statements in `ch341_probe()` with jumps to a cascade of cleanup labels (`err_unregister`, `err_disable_pins`, `err_kill_urb`, `err_free_urb`) that mirror the `ch341_disconnect()` teardown order. This ensures that on any failure after partial resource allocation, the SPI controller is unregistered, pins are disabled, the RX URB is killed and freed, and the error code is properly propagated. An explicit `usb_kill_urb()` call is also added to `ch341_disconnect()` for symmetry, though the USB core would have stopped the URB anyway in the current setup [patch_id=2659931].

Preconditions

configThe vulnerable ch341 SPI driver must be loaded on the target system.
physicalAn attacker must have physical USB access to plug a CH341-based device that causes a probe failure.

Generated on May 27, 2026. Inputs: CWE entries + fix-commit diffs from this CVE's patches. Citations validated against bundle.

References

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epss	0.000
exploit	0.000
kev	0.000
patch	-0.070
ransomware	0.000