CVE-2026-43577

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Gateway/sessions: clear auto-fallback-pinned model overrides on `/reset` and `/new` while still preserving explicit user model selections, including legacy sessions created before override-source tracking existed. (#63155) Thanks @frankekn.
 - Codex CLI: pass OpenClaw's system prompt through Codex's `model_instructions_file` config override so fresh Codex CLI sessions receive the same prompt guidance as Claude CLI sessions.
 - Matrix/gateway: wait for Matrix sync readiness before marking startup successful, keep Matrix background handler failures contained, and route fatal Matrix sync stops through channel-level restart handling instead of crashing the whole gateway. (#62779) Thanks @gumadeiras.
+- Browser/security: re-run blocked-destination safety checks after interaction-driven main-frame navigations from click, evaluate, hook-triggered click, and batched action flows, so browser interactions cannot bypass the SSRF quarantine when they land on forbidden URLs. (#63226) Thanks @eleqtrizit.
 
 ## 2026.4.8
 

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 
-let page: { evaluate: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> } | null = null;
+let page: {
+  evaluate: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+  url: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>;
+} | null = null;
 
 const getPageForTargetId = vi.fn(async () => {
   if (!page) {
@@ -9,6 +12,7 @@ const getPageForTargetId = vi.fn(async () => {
   return page;
 });
 const ensurePageState = vi.fn(() => {});
+const assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely = vi.fn(async () => {});
 const forceDisconnectPlaywrightForTarget = vi.fn(async () => {});
 const refLocator = vi.fn(() => {
   throw new Error("test: refLocator should not be called");
@@ -19,6 +23,7 @@ const closePageViaPlaywright = vi.fn(async () => {});
 const resizeViewportViaPlaywright = vi.fn(async () => {});
 
 vi.mock("./pw-session.js", () => ({
+  assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely,
   ensurePageState,
   forceDisconnectPlaywrightForTarget,
   getPageForTargetId,
@@ -38,6 +43,7 @@ describe("batchViaPlaywright", () => {
     vi.clearAllMocks();
     page = {
       evaluate: vi.fn(async () => "ok"),
+      url: vi.fn(() => "about:blank"),
     };
   });
 

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
 
-let page: { evaluate: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> } | null = null;
+let page: { evaluate: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn>; url: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> } | null = null;
 let locator: { evaluate: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> } | null = null;
 
 const forceDisconnectPlaywrightForTarget = vi.fn(async () => {});
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ const getPageForTargetId = vi.fn(async () => {
   return page;
 });
 const ensurePageState = vi.fn(() => {});
+const assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely = vi.fn(async () => {});
 const restoreRoleRefsForTarget = vi.fn(() => {});
 const refLocator = vi.fn(() => {
   if (!locator) {
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ const refLocator = vi.fn(() => {
 
 vi.mock("./pw-session.js", () => {
   return {
+    assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely,
     ensurePageState,
     forceDisconnectPlaywrightForTarget,
     getPageForTargetId,
@@ -64,6 +66,7 @@ describe("evaluateViaPlaywright (abort)", () => {
         }
         return pendingPromise;
       }),
+      url: vi.fn(() => "https://example.com/current"),
     };
     locator = {
       evaluate: vi.fn(() => {

@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import {
+  getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks,
+  installPwToolsCoreTestHooks,
+  setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage,
+  setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator,
+} from "./pw-tools-core.test-harness.js";
+
+installPwToolsCoreTestHooks();
+const mod = await import("./pw-tools-core.js");
+
+describe("pw-tools-core interaction navigation guard", () => {
+  it("does not wait for the grace window after a successful non-navigating click", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const listeners = new Set<() => void>();
+      const click = vi.fn(async () => {});
+      const page = {
+        on: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        off: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.delete(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        url: vi.fn(() => "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version"),
+      };
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+      const completion = vi.fn();
+      const task = mod
+        .clickViaPlaywright({
+          cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+          targetId: "T1",
+          ref: "1",
+          ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+        })
+        .then(completion);
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+      expect(completion).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(listeners.size).toBe(1);
+      expect(
+        getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely,
+      ).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(250);
+      expect(listeners.size).toBe(0);
+      await task;
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("runs the post-click navigation guard when navigation starts shortly after the click resolves", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const listeners = new Set<() => void>();
+      let currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version";
+      const click = vi.fn(async () => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list";
+          for (const listener of listeners) {
+            listener();
+          }
+        }, 10);
+      });
+      const page = {
+        on: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        off: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.delete(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        url: vi.fn(() => currentUrl),
+      };
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+      const completion = vi.fn();
+      const task = mod
+        .clickViaPlaywright({
+          cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+          targetId: "T1",
+          ref: "1",
+          ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+        })
+        .then(completion);
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+      expect(completion).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(
+        getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely,
+      ).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+      await task;
+
+      expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        {
+          cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+          page,
+          response: null,
+          ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+          targetId: "T1",
+        },
+      );
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("ignores subframe framenavigated events before the main frame navigates", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const listeners = new Set<(frame: object) => void>();
+      const mainFrame = {};
+      const subframe = {};
+      let currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version";
+      const click = vi.fn(async () => {
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          for (const listener of listeners) {
+            listener(subframe);
+          }
+        }, 10);
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list";
+          for (const listener of listeners) {
+            listener(mainFrame);
+          }
+        }, 20);
+      });
+      const page = {
+        mainFrame: vi.fn(() => mainFrame),
+        on: vi.fn((event: string, listener: (frame: object) => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        off: vi.fn((event: string, listener: (frame: object) => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.delete(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        url: vi.fn(() => currentUrl),
+      };
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+      const task = mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+        cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+        targetId: "T1",
+        ref: "1",
+        ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      });
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+      expect(listeners.size).toBe(1);
+      expect(
+        getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely,
+      ).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(10);
+      await task;
+
+      expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        {
+          cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+          page,
+          response: null,
+          ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+          targetId: "T1",
+        },
+      );
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("deduplicates delayed navigation guards across repeated successful interactions", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const listeners = new Set<() => void>();
+      let currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version";
+      const click = vi.fn(async () => {});
+      const page = {
+        on: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        off: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.delete(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        url: vi.fn(() => currentUrl),
+      };
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+      await mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+        cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+        targetId: "T1",
+        ref: "1",
+        ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      });
+      expect(listeners.size).toBe(1);
+
+      await mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+        cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+        targetId: "T1",
+        ref: "1",
+        ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      });
+      expect(listeners.size).toBe(1);
+
+      currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list";
+      for (const listener of Array.from(listeners)) {
+        listener();
+      }
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(0);
+
+      expect(
+        getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely,
+      ).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+      expect(listeners.size).toBe(0);
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("runs the post-click navigation guard with the resolved SSRF policy", async () => {
+    const click = vi.fn(async () => {});
+    const page = {
+      url: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockReturnValueOnce("http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version")
+        .mockReturnValue("http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list"),
+    };
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+    const blocked = new Error("blocked interaction navigation");
+    getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely.mockRejectedValueOnce(blocked);
+
+    await expect(
+      mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+        cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+        targetId: "T1",
+        ref: "1",
+        ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      }),
+    ).rejects.toThrow("blocked interaction navigation");
+
+    expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      page,
+      response: null,
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      targetId: "T1",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("skips interaction navigation guards when no explicit SSRF policy is provided", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const listeners = new Set<(frame: object) => void>();
+      const mainFrame = {};
+      let currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version";
+      const click = vi.fn(async () => {
+        currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list";
+        for (const listener of listeners) {
+          listener(mainFrame);
+        }
+      });
+      const page = {
+        mainFrame: vi.fn(() => mainFrame),
+        on: vi.fn((event: string, listener: (frame: object) => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        off: vi.fn((event: string, listener: (frame: object) => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.delete(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        url: vi.fn(() => currentUrl),
+      };
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+      await mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+        cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+        targetId: "T1",
+        ref: "1",
+      });
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+
+      expect(page.on).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(page.off).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+      expect(
+        getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely,
+      ).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("runs the post-evaluate navigation guard after page evaluation", async () => {
+    const page = {
+      evaluate: vi.fn(async () => "ok"),
+      url: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockReturnValueOnce("http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version")
+        .mockReturnValue("http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list"),
+    };
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+    const result = await mod.evaluateViaPlaywright({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      targetId: "T1",
+      fn: "() => location.href = 'http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version'",
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toBe("ok");
+    expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      page,
+      response: null,
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      targetId: "T1",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("does not run the post-click navigation guard when the url is unchanged", async () => {
+    const click = vi.fn(async () => {});
+    const page = { url: vi.fn(() => "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version") };
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+    await mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      targetId: "T1",
+      ref: "1",
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+    });
+
+    expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("does not run the navigation guard when only the URL hash changes (same-document navigation)", async () => {
+    const click = vi.fn(async () => {});
+    const page = {
+      url: vi
+        .fn()
+        .mockReturnValueOnce("https://example.com/page")
+        .mockReturnValue("https://example.com/page#section"),
+    };
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+    await mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      targetId: "T1",
+      ref: "1",
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+    });
+
+    expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("runs the navigation guard when a same-URL reload fires framenavigated during a click", async () => {
+    // A page reload (form submit, location.reload()) keeps the URL identical but
+    // fires framenavigated. Prior to the isHashOnlyNavigation fix, didCrossDocumentUrlChange
+    // would treat currentUrl === previousUrl as "no navigation" and skip the SSRF guard.
+    const listeners = new Set<() => void>();
+    const sameUrl = "http://192.168.1.1/admin";
+    const click = vi.fn(async () => {
+      // Simulate reload: URL stays the same but framenavigated fires during the click
+      for (const listener of listeners) {
+        listener();
+      }
+    });
+    const page = {
+      on: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+        if (event === "framenavigated") {
+          listeners.add(listener);
+        }
+      }),
+      off: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+        if (event === "framenavigated") {
+          listeners.delete(listener);
+        }
+      }),
+      url: vi.fn(() => sameUrl),
+    };
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+    await mod.clickViaPlaywright({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      targetId: "T1",
+      ref: "1",
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+    });
+
+    expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      page,
+      response: null,
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      targetId: "T1",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("does not run the post-evaluate navigation guard when the url is unchanged", async () => {
+    const page = {
+      evaluate: vi.fn(async () => "ok"),
+      url: vi.fn(() => "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version"),
+    };
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+    const result = await mod.evaluateViaPlaywright({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      targetId: "T1",
+      fn: "() => 1",
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toBe("ok");
+    expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
+  it("propagates the SSRF policy through batch interaction actions", async () => {
+    const click = vi.fn(async () => {});
+    const page = {
+      url: vi.fn().mockReturnValueOnce("about:blank").mockReturnValue("https://example.com/after"),
+    };
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentRefLocator({ click });
+    setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+    await mod.batchViaPlaywright({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      targetId: "T1",
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      actions: [{ kind: "click", ref: "1" }],
+    });
+
+    expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+      page,
+      response: null,
+      ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      targetId: "T1",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("runs the post-evaluate navigation guard when evaluate rejects after triggering navigation", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    try {
+      const listeners = new Set<() => void>();
+      let currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/version";
+      const page = {
+        evaluate: vi.fn(async () => {
+          setTimeout(() => {
+            currentUrl = "http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list";
+            for (const listener of listeners) {
+              listener();
+            }
+          }, 0);
+          throw new Error("evaluate failed after scheduling navigation");
+        }),
+        on: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.add(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        off: vi.fn((event: string, listener: () => void) => {
+          if (event === "framenavigated") {
+            listeners.delete(listener);
+          }
+        }),
+        url: vi.fn(() => currentUrl),
+      };
+      setPwToolsCoreCurrentPage(page);
+
+      const blocked = new Error("blocked interaction navigation");
+      getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely.mockRejectedValueOnce(
+        blocked,
+      );
+
+      const task = mod.evaluateViaPlaywright({
+        cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+        targetId: "T1",
+        fn: "() => location.href = 'http://127.0.0.1:9222/json/list'",
+        ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+      });
+      const expectation = expect(task).rejects.toThrow("blocked interaction navigation");
+
+      await vi.runAllTimersAsync();
+      await expectation;
+
+      expect(getPwToolsCoreSessionMocks().assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+        {
+          cdpUrl: "http://127.0.0.1:18792",
+          page,
+          response: null,
+          ssrfPolicy: { allowPrivateNetwork: false },
+          targetId: "T1",
+        },
+      );
+    } finally {
+      vi.useRealTimers();
+    }
+  });
+});

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { normalizeOptionalString } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/text-runtime";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "../infra/errors.js";
+import type { Frame, Page } from "playwright-core";
 import type { SsrFPolicy } from "../infra/net/ssrf.js";
 import type { BrowserActRequest, BrowserFormField } from "./client-actions-core.js";
 import { DEFAULT_FILL_FIELD_TYPE } from "./form-fields.js";
@@ -28,6 +29,15 @@ type TargetOpts = {
 const MAX_CLICK_DELAY_MS = 5_000;
 const MAX_WAIT_TIME_MS = 30_000;
 const MAX_BATCH_ACTIONS = 100;
+const INTERACTION_NAVIGATION_GRACE_MS = 250;
+
+type NavigationObservablePage = Pick<Page, "url"> & {
+  mainFrame?: () => Frame;
+  on?: (event: "framenavigated", listener: (frame: Frame) => void) => unknown;
+  off?: (event: "framenavigated", listener: (frame: Frame) => void) => unknown;
+};
+
+const pendingInteractionNavigationGuardCleanup = new WeakMap<Page, () => void>();
 
 function resolveBoundedDelayMs(value: number | undefined, label: string, maxMs: number): number {
   const normalized = Math.floor(value ?? 0);
@@ -51,6 +61,254 @@ function resolveInteractionTimeoutMs(timeoutMs?: number): number {
   return Math.max(500, Math.min(60_000, Math.floor(timeoutMs ?? 8000)));
 }
 
+// Returns true only when the URL change indicates a cross-document navigation
+// (i.e., a real network fetch occurred). Same-document hash-only mutations —
+// anchor clicks and history.pushState/replaceState that change only the
+// fragment — do not cause a network request and must not trigger SSRF checks.
+function didCrossDocumentUrlChange(page: { url(): string }, previousUrl: string): boolean {
+  const currentUrl = page.url();
+  if (currentUrl === previousUrl) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  try {
+    const prev = new URL(previousUrl);
+    const curr = new URL(currentUrl);
+    if (
+      prev.origin === curr.origin &&
+      prev.pathname === curr.pathname &&
+      prev.search === curr.search
+    ) {
+      // Only the fragment changed — same-document navigation, no fetch.
+      return false;
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // Non-parseable URL; fall through to string comparison.
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Returns true when a framenavigated event represents only a hash-only
+// same-document mutation (no network request). Used in event-driven checks
+// where the event itself is the navigation signal — unlike URL polling, we
+// cannot use identical URLs as a "no navigation" sentinel because same-URL
+// reloads and form submits also fire framenavigated with an unchanged URL.
+function isHashOnlyNavigation(currentUrl: string, previousUrl: string): boolean {
+  if (currentUrl === previousUrl) {
+    // Exact same URL + framenavigated firing = reload or form submit, not a
+    // fragment hop. Must run SSRF checks.
+    return false;
+  }
+  try {
+    const prev = new URL(previousUrl);
+    const curr = new URL(currentUrl);
+    return (
+      prev.origin === curr.origin && prev.pathname === curr.pathname && prev.search === curr.search
+    );
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+function isMainFrameNavigation(page: NavigationObservablePage, frame: Frame): boolean {
+  if (typeof page.mainFrame !== "function") {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return frame === page.mainFrame();
+}
+
+function observeDelayedInteractionNavigation(
+  page: NavigationObservablePage,
+  previousUrl: string,
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (didCrossDocumentUrlChange(page, previousUrl)) {
+    return Promise.resolve(true);
+  }
+  if (typeof page.on !== "function" || typeof page.off !== "function") {
+    return Promise.resolve(false);
+  }
+
+  return new Promise<boolean>((resolve) => {
+    const onFrameNavigated = (frame: Frame) => {
+      if (!isMainFrameNavigation(page, frame)) {
+        return;
+      }
+      // Use isHashOnlyNavigation rather than !didCrossDocumentUrlChange: the
+      // event firing is itself the navigation signal, so a same-URL reload must
+      // not be treated as "no navigation" the way URL polling would.
+      if (isHashOnlyNavigation(page.url(), previousUrl)) {
+        return;
+      }
+      cleanup();
+      resolve(true);
+    };
+    const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+      cleanup();
+      resolve(didCrossDocumentUrlChange(page, previousUrl));
+    }, INTERACTION_NAVIGATION_GRACE_MS);
+    const cleanup = () => {
+      clearTimeout(timeout);
+      // Call off directly on page (not via a cached reference) to preserve
+      // Playwright's EventEmitter `this` binding.
+      page.off!("framenavigated", onFrameNavigated);
+    };
+
+    // Call on directly on page (not via a cached reference) to preserve
+    // Playwright's EventEmitter `this` binding.
+    page.on!("framenavigated", onFrameNavigated);
+  });
+}
+
+function scheduleDelayedInteractionNavigationGuard(opts: {
+  cdpUrl: string;
+  page: Page;
+  previousUrl: string;
+  ssrfPolicy?: SsrFPolicy;
+  targetId?: string;
+}): void {
+  if (!opts.ssrfPolicy) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const page = opts.page as unknown as NavigationObservablePage;
+  if (didCrossDocumentUrlChange(page, opts.previousUrl)) {
+    void assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely({
+      cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
+      page: opts.page,
+      response: null,
+      ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
+      targetId: opts.targetId,
+    }).catch(() => {});
+    return;
+  }
+  if (typeof page.on !== "function" || typeof page.off !== "function") {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  pendingInteractionNavigationGuardCleanup.get(opts.page)?.();
+
+  const onFrameNavigated = (frame: Frame) => {
+    if (!isMainFrameNavigation(page, frame)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Use isHashOnlyNavigation rather than !didCrossDocumentUrlChange: the
+    // event firing is itself the navigation signal, so a same-URL reload must
+    // not be treated as "no navigation" the way URL polling would.
+    if (isHashOnlyNavigation(page.url(), opts.previousUrl)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    cleanup();
+    void assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely({
+      cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
+      page: opts.page,
+      response: null,
+      ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
+      targetId: opts.targetId,
+    }).catch(() => {});
+  };
+  const timeout = setTimeout(() => {
+    cleanup();
+  }, INTERACTION_NAVIGATION_GRACE_MS);
+  const cleanup = () => {
+    clearTimeout(timeout);
+    page.off!("framenavigated", onFrameNavigated);
+    if (pendingInteractionNavigationGuardCleanup.get(opts.page) === cleanup) {
+      pendingInteractionNavigationGuardCleanup.delete(opts.page);
+    }
+  };
+
+  pendingInteractionNavigationGuardCleanup.set(opts.page, cleanup);
+  page.on("framenavigated", onFrameNavigated);
+}
+
+async function assertInteractionNavigationCompletedSafely<T>(opts: {
+  action: () => Promise<T>;
+  cdpUrl: string;
+  page: Page;
+  previousUrl: string;
+  ssrfPolicy?: SsrFPolicy;
+  targetId?: string;
+}): Promise<T> {
+  if (!opts.ssrfPolicy) {
+    return await opts.action();
+  }
+  // Phase 1: keep a framenavigated listener alive for the entire duration of the
+  // action so navigations triggered mid-click or mid-evaluate are not missed.
+  // Using a fixed pre-action timer would expire before the action finishes for
+  // slow interactions, silently bypassing the SSRF guard.
+  const navPage = opts.page as unknown as NavigationObservablePage;
+  let navigatedDuringAction = false;
+  const onFrameNavigated = (frame: Frame) => {
+    if (!isMainFrameNavigation(navPage, frame)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Use isHashOnlyNavigation rather than didCrossDocumentUrlChange: the event
+    // firing is the navigation signal, so a same-URL reload must not be skipped
+    // the way it would be by URL-equality polling.
+    if (!isHashOnlyNavigation(opts.page.url(), opts.previousUrl)) {
+      navigatedDuringAction = true;
+    }
+  };
+  if (typeof navPage.on === "function") {
+    navPage.on("framenavigated", onFrameNavigated);
+  }
+
+  let result: T | undefined;
+  let actionError: unknown = null;
+  try {
+    result = await opts.action();
+  } catch (err) {
+    actionError = err;
+  } finally {
+    if (typeof navPage.off === "function") {
+      navPage.off("framenavigated", onFrameNavigated);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const navigationObserved =
+    navigatedDuringAction || didCrossDocumentUrlChange(opts.page, opts.previousUrl);
+
+  if (navigationObserved) {
+    await assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely({
+      cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
+      page: opts.page,
+      response: null,
+      ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
+      targetId: opts.targetId,
+    });
+  } else if (actionError) {
+    // Preserve the action-error path semantics: if a rejected click/evaluate still
+    // triggers a delayed navigation, the SSRF block must win over the original
+    // action error instead of surfacing a stale interaction failure.
+    const delayedNavigationObserved = await observeDelayedInteractionNavigation(
+      opts.page,
+      opts.previousUrl,
+    );
+    if (delayedNavigationObserved) {
+      await assertPageNavigationCompletedSafely({
+        cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
+        page: opts.page,
+        response: null,
+        ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
+        targetId: opts.targetId,
+      });
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Successful non-navigating interactions should not wait out the grace window,
+    // but we still keep a short-lived listener alive to quarantine late SSRF hops.
+    scheduleDelayedInteractionNavigationGuard({
+      cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
+      page: opts.page,
+      previousUrl: opts.previousUrl,
+      ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
+      targetId: opts.targetId,
+    });
+  }
+
+  if (actionError) {
+    throw actionError;
+  }
+  return result as T;
+}
+
 async function awaitEvalWithAbort<T>(
   evalPromise: Promise<T>,
   abortPromise?: Promise<never>,
@@ -118,28 +376,32 @@ export async function clickViaPlaywright(opts: {
     ? refLocator(page, requireRef(resolved.ref))
     : page.locator(resolved.selector!);
   const timeout = resolveInteractionTimeoutMs(opts.timeoutMs);
+  const previousUrl = page.url();
   try {
-    const delayMs = resolveBoundedDelayMs(opts.delayMs, "click delayMs", MAX_CLICK_DELAY_MS);
-    if (delayMs > 0) {
-      await locator.hover({ timeout });
-      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delayMs));
-    }
-    if (opts.doubleClick) {
-      await locator.dblclick({
-        timeout,
-        button: opts.button,
-        modifiers: opts.modifiers,
-      });
-    } else {
-      await locator.click({
-        timeout,
-        button: opts.button,
-        modifiers: opts.modifiers,
-      });
-    }
-    await assertPostInteractionNavigationSafe({
+    await assertInteractionNavigationCompletedSafely({
+      action: async () => {
+        const delayMs = resolveBoundedDelayMs(opts.delayMs, "click delayMs", MAX_CLICK_DELAY_MS);
+        if (delayMs > 0) {
+          await locator.hover({ timeout });
+          await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delayMs));
+        }
+        if (opts.doubleClick) {
+          await locator.dblclick({
+            timeout,
+            button: opts.button,
+            modifiers: opts.modifiers,
+          });
+          return;
+        }
+        await locator.click({
+          timeout,
+          button: opts.button,
+          modifiers: opts.modifiers,
+        });
+      },
       cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
       page,
+      previousUrl,
       ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
       targetId: opts.targetId,
     });
@@ -332,6 +594,7 @@ export async function fillFormViaPlaywright(opts: {
 export async function evaluateViaPlaywright(opts: {
   cdpUrl: string;
   targetId?: string;
+  ssrfPolicy?: SsrFPolicy;
   fn: string;
   ref?: string;
   timeoutMs?: number;
@@ -393,6 +656,7 @@ export async function evaluateViaPlaywright(opts: {
   try {
     if (opts.ref) {
       const locator = refLocator(page, opts.ref);
+      const previousUrl = page.url();
       // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-implied-eval -- required for browser-context eval
       const elementEvaluator = new Function(
         "el",
@@ -421,9 +685,18 @@ export async function evaluateViaPlaywright(opts: {
         fnBody: fnText,
         timeoutMs: evaluateTimeout,
       });
-      return await awaitEvalWithAbort(evalPromise, abortPromise);
+      const result = await assertInteractionNavigationCompletedSafely({
+        action: () => awaitEvalWithAbort(evalPromise, abortPromise),
+        cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
+        page,
+        previousUrl,
+        ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
+        targetId: opts.targetId,
+      });
+      return result;
     }
 
+    const previousUrl = page.url();
     // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-implied-eval -- required for browser-context eval
     const browserEvaluator = new Function(
       "args",
@@ -451,7 +724,15 @@ export async function evaluateViaPlaywright(opts: {
       fnBody: fnText,
       timeoutMs: evaluateTimeout,
     });
-    return await awaitEvalWithAbort(evalPromise, abortPromise);
+    const result = await assertInteractionNavigationCompletedSafely({
+      action: () => awaitEvalWithAbort(evalPromise, abortPromise),
+      cdpUrl: opts.cdpUrl,
+      page,
+      previousUrl,
+      ssrfPolicy: opts.ssrfPolicy,
+      targetId: opts.targetId,
+    });
+    return result;
   } finally {
     if (signal && abortListener) {
       signal.removeEventListener("abort", abortListener);
@@ -880,6 +1161,7 @@ async function executeSingleAction(
       await evaluateViaPlaywright({
         cdpUrl,
         targetId: effectiveTargetId,
+        ssrfPolicy,
         fn: action.fn,
         ref: action.ref,
         timeoutMs: action.timeoutMs,
@@ -895,10 +1177,10 @@ async function executeSingleAction(
       await batchViaPlaywright({
         cdpUrl,
         targetId: effectiveTargetId,
+        ssrfPolicy,
         actions: action.actions,
         stopOnError: action.stopOnError,
         evaluateEnabled,
-        ssrfPolicy,
         depth: depth + 1,
       });
       break;

@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ export function registerBrowserAgentActHookRoutes(
             await pw.clickViaPlaywright({
               cdpUrl,
               targetId: tab.targetId,
-              ref,
               ssrfPolicy: ctx.state().resolved.ssrfPolicy,
+              ref,
             });
           }
         }

@@ -539,8 +539,8 @@ export function registerBrowserAgentActRoutes(
             const clickRequest: Parameters<typeof pw.clickViaPlaywright>[0] = {
               cdpUrl,
               targetId: tab.targetId,
+              ssrfPolicy: ctx.state().resolved.ssrfPolicy,
               doubleClick,
-              ssrfPolicy,
             };
             if (ref) {
               clickRequest.ref = ref;
@@ -1047,6 +1047,7 @@ export function registerBrowserAgentActRoutes(
             const evalRequest: Parameters<typeof pw.evaluateViaPlaywright>[0] = {
               cdpUrl,
               targetId: tab.targetId,
+              ssrfPolicy: ctx.state().resolved.ssrfPolicy,
               fn,
               ref,
               signal: req.signal,
@@ -1106,10 +1107,10 @@ export function registerBrowserAgentActRoutes(
             const result = await pw.batchViaPlaywright({
               cdpUrl,
               targetId: tab.targetId,
+              ssrfPolicy: ctx.state().resolved.ssrfPolicy,
               actions,
               stopOnError,
               evaluateEnabled,
-              ssrfPolicy,
             });
             return res.json({ ok: true, targetId: tab.targetId, results: result.results });
           }