CVE-2026-43533

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- fix(qqbot): enforce media storage boundary for all outbound local file paths [AI]. (#63271) Thanks @pgondhi987.
 - iMessage/self-chat: distinguish normal DM outbound rows from true self-chat using `destination_caller_id` plus chat participants, while preserving multi-handle self-chat aliases so outbound DM replies stop looping back as inbound messages. (#61619) Thanks @neeravmakwana.
 - fix(browser): auto-generate browser control auth token for none/trusted-proxy modes [AI]. (#63280) Thanks @pgondhi987.
 - fix(exec): replace TOCTOU check-then-read with atomic pinned-fd open in script preflight [AI]. (#62333) Thanks @pgondhi987.

@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ type MediaTargetContext = {
   account: QQBotAccount;
   logPrefix: string;
 };
+type SendDocumentOptions = {
+  allowQQBotDataDownloads?: boolean;
+};
 
 type QQBotFrameworkCommandResult =
   | string
@@ -44,14 +47,22 @@ function resolveQQBotAccount(config: unknown, accountId?: string): QQBotAccount
   return resolve(config, accountId);
 }
 
-function sendDocument(context: MediaTargetContext, filePath: string) {
+function sendDocument(
+  context: MediaTargetContext,
+  filePath: string,
+  options?: SendDocumentOptions,
+) {
   const send = loadBundledEntryExportSync<
-    (context: MediaTargetContext, filePath: string) => Promise<unknown>
+    (
+      context: MediaTargetContext,
+      filePath: string,
+      options?: SendDocumentOptions,
+    ) => Promise<unknown>
   >(import.meta.url, {
     specifier: "./api.js",
     exportName: "sendDocument",
   });
-  return send(context, filePath);
+  return send(context, filePath, options);
 }
 
 function getFrameworkCommands(): QQBotFrameworkCommand[] {
@@ -173,7 +184,9 @@ export default defineBundledChannelEntry({
                 account,
                 logPrefix: `[qqbot:${account.accountId}]`,
               };
-              await sendDocument(mediaCtx, String(result.filePath));
+              await sendDocument(mediaCtx, String(result.filePath), {
+                allowQQBotDataDownloads: true,
+              });
             } catch {
               // File send failed; the text summary is still returned below.
             }

@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+import fs from "node:fs";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type { ResolvedQQBotAccount } from "./types.js";
+import { getQQBotDataDir, getQQBotMediaDir } from "./utils/platform.js";
+
+const apiMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  getAccessToken: vi.fn(async () => "token"),
+  sendC2CFileMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-c2c-file", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendC2CImageMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-c2c-image", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendC2CMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-c2c-text", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendC2CVideoMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-c2c-video", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendC2CVoiceMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-c2c-voice", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendChannelMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-channel", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendDmMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-dm", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendGroupFileMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-group-file", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendGroupImageMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-group-image", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendGroupMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-group-text", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendGroupVideoMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-group-video", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendGroupVoiceMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-group-voice", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendProactiveC2CMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-proactive-c2c", timestamp: "ts" })),
+  sendProactiveGroupMessage: vi.fn(async () => ({ id: "msg-proactive-group", timestamp: "ts" })),
+}));
+
+const audioConvertMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  audioFileToSilkBase64: vi.fn(async () => "c2lsaw=="),
+  isAudioFile: vi.fn((filePath: string, mimeType?: string) => {
+    if (mimeType === "voice" || mimeType?.startsWith("audio/")) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return (
+      filePath.endsWith(".mp3") ||
+      filePath.endsWith(".wav") ||
+      filePath.endsWith(".amr") ||
+      filePath.endsWith(".ogg")
+    );
+  }),
+  shouldTranscodeVoice: vi.fn(() => false),
+  waitForFile: vi.fn(async (_filePath: string) => 1024),
+}));
+
+const fileUtilsMocks = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  checkFileSize: vi.fn(() => ({ ok: true })),
+  downloadFile: vi.fn(),
+  fileExistsAsync: vi.fn(async () => true),
+  formatFileSize: vi.fn((size: number) => `${size}`),
+  readFileAsync: vi.fn(async () => Buffer.from("file-data")),
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./api.js", () => apiMocks);
+
+vi.mock("./utils/audio-convert.js", () => ({
+  audioFileToSilkBase64: audioConvertMocks.audioFileToSilkBase64,
+  isAudioFile: audioConvertMocks.isAudioFile,
+  shouldTranscodeVoice: audioConvertMocks.shouldTranscodeVoice,
+  waitForFile: audioConvertMocks.waitForFile,
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./utils/file-utils.js", () => ({
+  checkFileSize: fileUtilsMocks.checkFileSize,
+  downloadFile: fileUtilsMocks.downloadFile,
+  fileExistsAsync: fileUtilsMocks.fileExistsAsync,
+  formatFileSize: fileUtilsMocks.formatFileSize,
+  readFileAsync: fileUtilsMocks.readFileAsync,
+}));
+
+vi.mock("./utils/debug-log.js", () => ({
+  debugError: vi.fn(),
+  debugLog: vi.fn(),
+  debugWarn: vi.fn(),
+}));
+
+import {
+  sendDocument,
+  sendMedia,
+  sendPhoto,
+  sendVideoMsg,
+  sendVoice,
+  type MediaOutboundContext,
+  type MediaTargetContext,
+  type OutboundResult,
+} from "./outbound.js";
+
+const createdRoots: string[] = [];
+
+const account: ResolvedQQBotAccount = {
+  accountId: "default",
+  enabled: true,
+  appId: "app-id",
+  clientSecret: "secret",
+  secretSource: "config",
+  markdownSupport: true,
+  config: {},
+};
+
+function buildTarget(): MediaTargetContext {
+  return {
+    targetType: "c2c",
+    targetId: "user-1",
+    account,
+    replyToId: "msg-1",
+    logPrefix: "[qqbot:test]",
+  };
+}
+
+function buildMediaContext(mediaUrl: string): MediaOutboundContext {
+  return {
+    to: "qqbot:c2c:user-1",
+    text: "",
+    account,
+    mediaUrl,
+    replyToId: "msg-1",
+  };
+}
+
+function createOutsideFile(ext: string): string {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "qqbot-outbound-security-"));
+  createdRoots.push(root);
+  const filePath = path.join(root, `payload${ext}`);
+  fs.writeFileSync(filePath, "payload", "utf8");
+  return filePath;
+}
+
+function createAllowedCommandDownloadPath(ext: string): string {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(getQQBotDataDir("downloads"), "command-download-"));
+  createdRoots.push(root);
+  const filePath = path.join(root, `download${ext}`);
+  fs.writeFileSync(filePath, "payload", "utf8");
+  return filePath;
+}
+
+function createAllowedMediaPath(
+  ext: string,
+  options: { createFile?: boolean; content?: string } = {},
+): string {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(getQQBotMediaDir(), "outbound-security-"));
+  createdRoots.push(root);
+  const filePath = path.join(root, `allowed${ext}`);
+  if (options.createFile !== false) {
+    fs.writeFileSync(filePath, options.content ?? "payload", "utf8");
+  }
+  return filePath;
+}
+
+function createDelayedMissingMediaPath(ext: string): string {
+  const root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(getQQBotMediaDir(), "outbound-delayed-security-"));
+  createdRoots.push(root);
+  return path.join(root, "pending", `delayed${ext}`);
+}
+
+function createMissingSymlinkEscapePath(ext: string): string | null {
+  const outsideRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "qqbot-outbound-symlink-outside-"));
+  createdRoots.push(outsideRoot);
+
+  const inMediaRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(getQQBotMediaDir(), "outbound-symlink-"));
+  createdRoots.push(inMediaRoot);
+
+  const linkPath = path.join(inMediaRoot, "link");
+  try {
+    fs.symlinkSync(outsideRoot, linkPath, "dir");
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return path.join(linkPath, `delayed${ext}`);
+}
+
+function writeFileWithParents(filePath: string, content: string = "payload"): number {
+  fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(filePath), { recursive: true });
+  fs.writeFileSync(filePath, content, "utf8");
+  return fs.statSync(filePath).size;
+}
+
+function expectBlocked(result: OutboundResult, expectedError: string): void {
+  expect(result.channel).toBe("qqbot");
+  expect(result.error).toBe(expectedError);
+  expect(apiMocks.getAccessToken).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+}
+
+const nonDotRelativeTraversalPath = "src/../../../../etc/passwd";
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.clearAllMocks();
+  for (const root of createdRoots.splice(0)) {
+    fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true });
+  }
+});
+
+describe("qqbot outbound local media path security", () => {
+  it("allows local image paths inside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const allowedPath = createAllowedMediaPath(".png");
+    const result = await sendPhoto(buildTarget(), allowedPath);
+
+    expect(result.error).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(apiMocks.getAccessToken).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(apiMocks.sendC2CImageMessage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("blocks local image paths outside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const outsidePath = createOutsideFile(".png");
+    const result = await sendPhoto(buildTarget(), outsidePath);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Image path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("blocks local voice paths outside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const outsidePath = createOutsideFile(".mp3");
+    const result = await sendVoice(buildTarget(), outsidePath, undefined, false);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Voice path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("allows delayed local voice paths inside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const delayedVoicePath = createAllowedMediaPath(".mp3", { createFile: false });
+    audioConvertMocks.waitForFile.mockImplementationOnce(async (candidatePath: string) =>
+      writeFileWithParents(candidatePath),
+    );
+    const result = await sendVoice(buildTarget(), delayedVoicePath, undefined, true);
+
+    expect(result.error).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(apiMocks.getAccessToken).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(apiMocks.sendC2CVoiceMessage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("blocks delayed voice paths when a missing segment is replaced by a symlink after precheck", async () => {
+    const delayedVoicePath = createDelayedMissingMediaPath(".mp3");
+    const outsideRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "qqbot-outbound-race-outside-"));
+    createdRoots.push(outsideRoot);
+
+    const symlinkProbe = path.join(path.dirname(path.dirname(delayedVoicePath)), "probe-link");
+    try {
+      fs.symlinkSync(outsideRoot, symlinkProbe, "dir");
+      fs.unlinkSync(symlinkProbe);
+    } catch {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    audioConvertMocks.waitForFile.mockImplementationOnce(async (candidatePath: string) => {
+      const symlinkParent = path.dirname(candidatePath);
+      fs.symlinkSync(outsideRoot, symlinkParent, "dir");
+      const outsideFile = path.join(outsideRoot, path.basename(candidatePath));
+      return writeFileWithParents(outsideFile);
+    });
+
+    const result = await sendVoice(buildTarget(), delayedVoicePath, undefined, true);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Voice path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("returns a blocked result when missing-path canonicalization cannot resolve root", async () => {
+    const originalExistsSync = fs.existsSync.bind(fs);
+    const originalRealpathSync = fs.realpathSync.bind(fs);
+
+    const existsSpy = vi.spyOn(fs, "existsSync");
+    existsSpy.mockImplementation((candidate: fs.PathLike) => {
+      const candidateText = typeof candidate === "string" ? candidate : candidate.toString();
+      const root = path.parse(candidateText).root;
+      if (candidateText === root) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return originalExistsSync(candidate);
+    });
+
+    const realpathSpy = vi.spyOn(fs, "realpathSync");
+    realpathSpy.mockImplementation(((candidate: fs.PathLike) => {
+      const candidateText = typeof candidate === "string" ? candidate : candidate.toString();
+      const root = path.parse(candidateText).root;
+      if (candidateText === root) {
+        throw new Error("missing-root");
+      }
+      return originalRealpathSync(candidate);
+    }) as typeof fs.realpathSync);
+
+    try {
+      const result = await sendVoice(
+        buildTarget(),
+        "/qqbot-missing-root/sub/path.mp3",
+        undefined,
+        true,
+      );
+      expectBlocked(result, "Voice path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+    } finally {
+      existsSpy.mockRestore();
+      realpathSpy.mockRestore();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it("blocks delayed voice paths that escape via symlinked parent directories", async () => {
+    const delayedVoicePath = createMissingSymlinkEscapePath(".mp3");
+    if (!delayedVoicePath) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const result = await sendVoice(buildTarget(), delayedVoicePath, undefined, true);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Voice path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("blocks local video paths outside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const outsidePath = createOutsideFile(".mp4");
+    const result = await sendVideoMsg(buildTarget(), outsidePath);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Video path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("blocks local document paths outside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const outsidePath = createOutsideFile(".txt");
+    const result = await sendDocument(buildTarget(), outsidePath);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "File path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("blocks QQ Bot command-download paths for sendDocument by default", async () => {
+    const commandDownloadPath = createAllowedCommandDownloadPath(".txt");
+    const result = await sendDocument(buildTarget(), commandDownloadPath);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "File path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("allows QQ Bot command-download paths for sendDocument when explicitly enabled", async () => {
+    const commandDownloadPath = createAllowedCommandDownloadPath(".txt");
+    const result = await sendDocument(buildTarget(), commandDownloadPath, {
+      allowQQBotDataDownloads: true,
+    });
+
+    expect(result.error).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(apiMocks.getAccessToken).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(apiMocks.sendC2CFileMessage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("blocks non-dot relative traversal paths for document sends", async () => {
+    const result = await sendDocument(buildTarget(), nonDotRelativeTraversalPath);
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "File path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("blocks sendMedia local paths outside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const outsidePath = createOutsideFile(".txt");
+    const result = await sendMedia(buildMediaContext(outsidePath));
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Media path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("allows delayed local audio paths in sendMedia inside QQ Bot media storage", async () => {
+    const delayedVoicePath = createAllowedMediaPath(".mp3", { createFile: false });
+    audioConvertMocks.waitForFile.mockImplementationOnce(async (candidatePath: string) =>
+      writeFileWithParents(candidatePath),
+    );
+    const result = await sendMedia(buildMediaContext(delayedVoicePath));
+
+    expect(result.error).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(apiMocks.getAccessToken).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(apiMocks.sendC2CVoiceMessage).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("blocks sendMedia delayed audio paths when a missing segment is replaced by a symlink", async () => {
+    const delayedVoicePath = createDelayedMissingMediaPath(".mp3");
+    const outsideRoot = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), "qqbot-outbound-race-sendmedia-"));
+    createdRoots.push(outsideRoot);
+
+    const symlinkProbe = path.join(path.dirname(path.dirname(delayedVoicePath)), "probe-link");
+    try {
+      fs.symlinkSync(outsideRoot, symlinkProbe, "dir");
+      fs.unlinkSync(symlinkProbe);
+    } catch {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    audioConvertMocks.waitForFile.mockImplementationOnce(async (candidatePath: string) => {
+      const symlinkParent = path.dirname(candidatePath);
+      fs.symlinkSync(outsideRoot, symlinkParent, "dir");
+      const outsideFile = path.join(outsideRoot, path.basename(candidatePath));
+      return writeFileWithParents(outsideFile);
+    });
+
+    const result = await sendMedia(buildMediaContext(delayedVoicePath));
+
+    expectBlocked(
+      result,
+      "voice: Voice path must be inside QQ Bot media storage | fallback file: File path must be inside QQ Bot media storage",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("blocks sendMedia delayed audio paths that escape via symlinked parents", async () => {
+    const delayedVoicePath = createMissingSymlinkEscapePath(".mp3");
+    if (!delayedVoicePath) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const result = await sendMedia(buildMediaContext(delayedVoicePath));
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Media path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+
+  it("blocks non-dot relative traversal paths in sendMedia", async () => {
+    const result = await sendMedia(buildMediaContext(nonDotRelativeTraversalPath));
+
+    expectBlocked(result, "Media path must be inside QQ Bot media storage");
+  });
+});

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import * as fs from "node:fs";
 import * as path from "path";
 import { formatErrorMessage } from "openclaw/plugin-sdk/error-runtime";
 import {
@@ -39,10 +40,11 @@ import {
 import { normalizeMediaTags } from "./utils/media-tags.js";
 import { decodeCronPayload } from "./utils/payload.js";
 import {
+  getQQBotDataDir,
   getQQBotMediaDir,
   isLocalPath as isLocalFilePath,
   normalizePath,
-  resolveQQBotLocalMediaPath,
+  resolveQQBotPayloadLocalFilePath,
   sanitizeFileName,
 } from "./utils/platform.js";
 
@@ -273,6 +275,148 @@ function shouldDirectUploadUrl(account: ResolvedQQBotAccount): boolean {
   return account.config?.urlDirectUpload !== false;
 }
 
+type QQBotMediaKind = "image" | "voice" | "video" | "file" | "media";
+
+const qqBotMediaKindLabel: Record<QQBotMediaKind, string> = {
+  image: "Image",
+  voice: "Voice",
+  video: "Video",
+  file: "File",
+  media: "Media",
+};
+
+type ResolvedOutboundMediaPath = { ok: true; mediaPath: string } | { ok: false; error: string };
+type ResolveOutboundMediaPathOptions = {
+  allowMissingLocalPath?: boolean;
+  extraLocalRoots?: string[];
+};
+type SendDocumentOptions = {
+  allowQQBotDataDownloads?: boolean;
+};
+
+function isHttpOrDataSource(pathValue: string): boolean {
+  return (
+    pathValue.startsWith("http://") ||
+    pathValue.startsWith("https://") ||
+    pathValue.startsWith("data:")
+  );
+}
+
+function isPathWithinRoot(candidate: string, root: string): boolean {
+  const relative = path.relative(root, candidate);
+  return relative === "" || (!relative.startsWith("..") && !path.isAbsolute(relative));
+}
+
+function resolveMissingPathWithinMediaRoot(normalizedPath: string): string | null {
+  const resolvedCandidate = path.resolve(normalizedPath);
+  if (fs.existsSync(resolvedCandidate)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const allowedRoot = path.resolve(getQQBotMediaDir());
+  let canonicalAllowedRoot: string;
+  try {
+    canonicalAllowedRoot = fs.realpathSync(allowedRoot);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const missingSegments: string[] = [];
+  let cursor = resolvedCandidate;
+  while (!fs.existsSync(cursor)) {
+    const parent = path.dirname(cursor);
+    if (parent === cursor) {
+      break;
+    }
+    missingSegments.unshift(path.basename(cursor));
+    cursor = parent;
+  }
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(cursor)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  let canonicalCursor: string;
+  try {
+    canonicalCursor = fs.realpathSync(cursor);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const canonicalCandidate =
+    missingSegments.length > 0 ? path.join(canonicalCursor, ...missingSegments) : canonicalCursor;
+
+  return isPathWithinRoot(canonicalCandidate, canonicalAllowedRoot) ? canonicalCandidate : null;
+}
+
+function resolveExistingPathWithinRoots(
+  normalizedPath: string,
+  allowedRoots: readonly string[],
+): string | null {
+  const resolvedCandidate = path.resolve(normalizedPath);
+  if (!fs.existsSync(resolvedCandidate)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  let canonicalCandidate: string;
+  try {
+    canonicalCandidate = fs.realpathSync(resolvedCandidate);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  for (const root of allowedRoots) {
+    const resolvedRoot = path.resolve(root);
+    const canonicalRoot = fs.existsSync(resolvedRoot)
+      ? fs.realpathSync(resolvedRoot)
+      : resolvedRoot;
+    if (isPathWithinRoot(canonicalCandidate, canonicalRoot)) {
+      return canonicalCandidate;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+function resolveOutboundMediaPath(
+  rawPath: string,
+  prefix: string,
+  mediaKind: QQBotMediaKind,
+  options: ResolveOutboundMediaPathOptions = {},
+): ResolvedOutboundMediaPath {
+  const normalizedPath = normalizePath(rawPath);
+  if (isHttpOrDataSource(normalizedPath)) {
+    return { ok: true, mediaPath: normalizedPath };
+  }
+
+  const allowedPath = resolveQQBotPayloadLocalFilePath(normalizedPath);
+  if (allowedPath) {
+    return { ok: true, mediaPath: allowedPath };
+  }
+
+  if (options.extraLocalRoots && options.extraLocalRoots.length > 0) {
+    const extraAllowedPath = resolveExistingPathWithinRoots(
+      normalizedPath,
+      options.extraLocalRoots,
+    );
+    if (extraAllowedPath) {
+      return { ok: true, mediaPath: extraAllowedPath };
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (options.allowMissingLocalPath) {
+    const allowedMissingPath = resolveMissingPathWithinMediaRoot(normalizedPath);
+    if (allowedMissingPath) {
+      return { ok: true, mediaPath: allowedMissingPath };
+    }
+  }
+
+  debugWarn(`${prefix} blocked local ${mediaKind} path outside QQ Bot media storage`);
+  return {
+    ok: false,
+    error: `${qqBotMediaKindLabel[mediaKind]} path must be inside QQ Bot media storage`,
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Send a photo from a local file, public URL, or Base64 data URL.
  */
@@ -281,7 +425,11 @@ export async function sendPhoto(
   imagePath: string,
 ): Promise<OutboundResult> {
   const prefix = ctx.logPrefix ?? "[qqbot]";
-  const mediaPath = resolveQQBotLocalMediaPath(normalizePath(imagePath));
+  const resolvedMediaPath = resolveOutboundMediaPath(imagePath, prefix, "image");
+  if (!resolvedMediaPath.ok) {
+    return { channel: "qqbot", error: resolvedMediaPath.error };
+  }
+  const mediaPath = resolvedMediaPath.mediaPath;
   const isLocal = isLocalFilePath(mediaPath);
   const isHttp = mediaPath.startsWith("http://") || mediaPath.startsWith("https://");
   const isData = mediaPath.startsWith("data:");
@@ -412,7 +560,13 @@ export async function sendVoice(
   transcodeEnabled: boolean = true,
 ): Promise<OutboundResult> {
   const prefix = ctx.logPrefix ?? "[qqbot]";
-  const mediaPath = resolveQQBotLocalMediaPath(normalizePath(voicePath));
+  const resolvedMediaPath = resolveOutboundMediaPath(voicePath, prefix, "voice", {
+    allowMissingLocalPath: true,
+  });
+  if (!resolvedMediaPath.ok) {
+    return { channel: "qqbot", error: resolvedMediaPath.error };
+  }
+  const mediaPath = resolvedMediaPath.mediaPath;
   const isHttp = mediaPath.startsWith("http://") || mediaPath.startsWith("https://");
 
   if (isHttp) {
@@ -483,10 +637,17 @@ async function sendVoiceFromLocal(
     return { channel: "qqbot", error: "Voice generate failed" };
   }
 
-  const needsTranscode = shouldTranscodeVoice(mediaPath);
+  // Re-check containment after the file appears to prevent symlink-race escapes.
+  const safeMediaPath = resolveQQBotPayloadLocalFilePath(mediaPath);
+  if (!safeMediaPath) {
+    debugWarn(`${prefix} sendVoice: blocked local voice path outside QQ Bot media storage`);
+    return { channel: "qqbot", error: "Voice path must be inside QQ Bot media storage" };
+  }
+
+  const needsTranscode = shouldTranscodeVoice(safeMediaPath);
 
   if (needsTranscode && !transcodeEnabled) {
-    const ext = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(path.extname(mediaPath));
+    const ext = normalizeLowercaseStringOrEmpty(path.extname(safeMediaPath));
     debugLog(
       `${prefix} sendVoice: transcode disabled, format ${ext} needs transcode, returning error for fallback`,
     );
@@ -497,11 +658,11 @@ async function sendVoiceFromLocal(
   }
 
   try {
-    const silkBase64 = await audioFileToSilkBase64(mediaPath, directUploadFormats);
+    const silkBase64 = await audioFileToSilkBase64(safeMediaPath, directUploadFormats);
     let uploadBase64 = silkBase64;
 
     if (!uploadBase64) {
-      const buf = await readFileAsync(mediaPath);
+      const buf = await readFileAsync(safeMediaPath);
       uploadBase64 = buf.toString("base64");
       debugLog(
         `${prefix} sendVoice: SILK conversion failed, uploading raw (${formatFileSize(buf.length)})`,
@@ -521,7 +682,7 @@ async function sendVoiceFromLocal(
         undefined,
         ctx.replyToId,
         undefined,
-        mediaPath,
+        safeMediaPath,
       );
       return { channel: "qqbot", messageId: r.id, timestamp: r.timestamp };
     } else if (ctx.targetType === "group") {
@@ -551,7 +712,11 @@ export async function sendVideoMsg(
   videoPath: string,
 ): Promise<OutboundResult> {
   const prefix = ctx.logPrefix ?? "[qqbot]";
-  const mediaPath = resolveQQBotLocalMediaPath(normalizePath(videoPath));
+  const resolvedMediaPath = resolveOutboundMediaPath(videoPath, prefix, "video");
+  if (!resolvedMediaPath.ok) {
+    return { channel: "qqbot", error: resolvedMediaPath.error };
+  }
+  const mediaPath = resolvedMediaPath.mediaPath;
   const isHttp = mediaPath.startsWith("http://") || mediaPath.startsWith("https://");
 
   if (isHttp && !shouldDirectUploadUrl(ctx.account)) {
@@ -670,9 +835,19 @@ async function sendVideoFromLocal(
 export async function sendDocument(
   ctx: MediaTargetContext,
   filePath: string,
+  options: SendDocumentOptions = {},
 ): Promise<OutboundResult> {
   const prefix = ctx.logPrefix ?? "[qqbot]";
-  const mediaPath = resolveQQBotLocalMediaPath(normalizePath(filePath));
+  const extraLocalRoots = options.allowQQBotDataDownloads
+    ? [getQQBotDataDir("downloads")]
+    : undefined;
+  const resolvedMediaPath = resolveOutboundMediaPath(filePath, prefix, "file", {
+    extraLocalRoots,
+  });
+  if (!resolvedMediaPath.ok) {
+    return { channel: "qqbot", error: resolvedMediaPath.error };
+  }
+  const mediaPath = resolvedMediaPath.mediaPath;
   const isHttp = mediaPath.startsWith("http://") || mediaPath.startsWith("https://");
   const fileName = sanitizeFileName(path.basename(mediaPath));
 
@@ -1282,14 +1457,20 @@ export async function sendProactiveMessage(
 /** Send rich media, auto-routing by media type and source. */
 export async function sendMedia(ctx: MediaOutboundContext): Promise<OutboundResult> {
   const { to, text, replyToId, account, mimeType } = ctx;
-  const mediaUrl = resolveQQBotLocalMediaPath(normalizePath(ctx.mediaUrl));
 
   if (!account.appId || !account.clientSecret) {
     return { channel: "qqbot", error: "QQBot not configured (missing appId or clientSecret)" };
   }
-  if (!mediaUrl) {
+  if (!ctx.mediaUrl) {
     return { channel: "qqbot", error: "mediaUrl is required for sendMedia" };
   }
+  const resolvedMediaPath = resolveOutboundMediaPath(ctx.mediaUrl, "[qqbot:sendMedia]", "media", {
+    allowMissingLocalPath: true,
+  });
+  if (!resolvedMediaPath.ok) {
+    return { channel: "qqbot", error: resolvedMediaPath.error };
+  }
+  const mediaUrl = resolvedMediaPath.mediaPath;
 
   const target = buildMediaTarget({ to, account, replyToId }, "[qqbot:sendMedia]");