CVE-2026-42264

@@ -6,35 +6,35 @@ This release delivers two critical security patches targeting header injection a
 

 ## 🔒 Security Fixes

 

-* **Header Injection (CRLF):** Rejects any header value containing `\r` or `\n` characters to block CRLF injection chains that could be used to exfiltrate cloud metadata (IMDS). Behavior change: headers with CR/LF now throw `"Invalid character in header content"`. (__#10660__)

+- **Header Injection (CRLF):** Rejects any header value containing `\r` or `\n` characters to block CRLF injection chains that could be used to exfiltrate cloud metadata (IMDS). Behavior change: headers with CR/LF now throw `"Invalid character in header content"`. (**#10660**)

 

-* **SSRF via `no_proxy` Bypass:** Introduces a `shouldBypassProxy` helper that normalises hostnames (strips trailing dots, handles bracketed IPv6) before evaluating `no_proxy`/`NO_PROXY` rules, closing a gap that could cause loopback or internal hosts to be inadvertently proxied. (__#10661__)

+- **SSRF via `no_proxy` Bypass:** Introduces a `shouldBypassProxy` helper that normalises hostnames (strips trailing dots, handles bracketed IPv6) before evaluating `no_proxy`/`NO_PROXY` rules, closing a gap that could cause loopback or internal hosts to be inadvertently proxied. (**#10661**)

 

 ## 🚀 New Features

 

-* **Deno & Bun Runtime Support:** Added full smoke test suites for Deno and Bun, with CI workflows that run both runtimes before any release is cut. (__#10652__)

+- **Deno & Bun Runtime Support:** Added full smoke test suites for Deno and Bun, with CI workflows that run both runtimes before any release is cut. (**#10652**)

 

 ## 🐛 Bug Fixes

 

-* **Node.js v22 Compatibility:** Replaced deprecated `url.parse()` calls with the WHATWG `URL`/`URLSearchParams` API across examples, sandbox, and tests, eliminating `DEP0169` deprecation warnings on Node.js v22+. (__#10625__)

+- **Node.js v22 Compatibility:** Replaced deprecated `url.parse()` calls with the WHATWG `URL`/`URLSearchParams` API across examples, sandbox, and tests, eliminating `DEP0169` deprecation warnings on Node.js v22+. (**#10625**)

 

 ## 🔧 Maintenance & Chores

 

-* **CI Security Hardening:** Added [zizmor](https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor) GitHub Actions security scanner; switched npm publish to OIDC Trusted Publishing (removing the long-lived `NODE_AUTH_TOKEN`); pinned all action references to full commit SHAs; narrowed workflow permissions to least privilege; gated the publish step behind a dedicated `npm-publish` environment; and blocked the sponsor-block workflow from running on forks. (__#10618__, __#10619__, __#10627__, __#10637__, __#10641__, __#10666__)

+- **CI Security Hardening:** Added [zizmor](https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor) GitHub Actions security scanner; switched npm publish to OIDC Trusted Publishing (removing the long-lived `NODE_AUTH_TOKEN`); pinned all action references to full commit SHAs; narrowed workflow permissions to least privilege; gated the publish step behind a dedicated `npm-publish` environment; and blocked the sponsor-block workflow from running on forks. (**#10618**, **#10619**, **#10627**, **#10637**, **#10641**, **#10666**)

 

-* **Docs:** Clarified HTTP/2 support and the unsupported `httpVersion` option; added documentation for header case preservation; improved the `beforeRedirect` example to prevent accidental credential leakage. (__#10644__, __#10654__, __#10624__)

+- **Docs:** Clarified HTTP/2 support and the unsupported `httpVersion` option; added documentation for header case preservation; improved the `beforeRedirect` example to prevent accidental credential leakage. (**#10644**, **#10654**, **#10624**)

 

-* **Dependencies:** Bumped `picomatch`, `handlebars`, `serialize-javascript`, `vite` (×3), `denoland/setup-deno`, and 4 additional dev dependencies to latest versions. (__#10564__, __#10565__, __#10567__, __#10568__, __#10572__, __#10574__, __#10663__, __#10664__, __#10665__, __#10669__, __#10670__)

+- **Dependencies:** Bumped `picomatch`, `handlebars`, `serialize-javascript`, `vite` (×3), `denoland/setup-deno`, and 4 additional dev dependencies to latest versions. (**#10564**, **#10565**, **#10567**, **#10568**, **#10572**, **#10574**, **#10663**, **#10664**, **#10665**, **#10669**, **#10670**)

 

 ## 🌟 New Contributors

 

 We are thrilled to welcome our new contributors. Thank you for helping improve axios:

 

-* **@Kilros0817** (__#10625__)

-* **@shaanmajid** (__#10616__, __#10617__, __#10618__, __#10619__, __#10637__, __#10641__, __#10666__)

-* **@ashstrc** (__#10624__, __#10644__)

-* **@Abhi3975** (__#10589__)

-* **@raashish1601** (__#10573__)

+- **@Kilros0817** (**#10625**)

+- **@shaanmajid** (**#10616**, **#10617**, **#10618**, **#10619**, **#10637**, **#10641**, **#10666**)

+- **@ashstrc** (**#10624**, **#10644**)

+- **@Abhi3975** (**#10589**)

+- **@raashish1601** (**#10573**)

 

 [Full Changelog](https://github.com/axios/axios/compare/v1.14.0...v1.15.0)

 

@@ -46,33 +46,33 @@ This release fixes a security vulnerability in the `formidable` dependency, reso
 

 ## 🔒 Security Fixes

 

-* **Formidable Vulnerability:** Upgraded `formidable` from v2 to v3 to address a reported arbitrary-file vulnerability. Updated test server and assertions to align with the v3 API. (__#7533__)

+- **Formidable Vulnerability:** Upgraded `formidable` from v2 to v3 to address a reported arbitrary-file vulnerability. Updated test server and assertions to align with the v3 API. (**#7533**)

 

 ## 🐛 Bug Fixes

 

-* **CommonJS Compatibility:** Restored `require('axios')` in Node.js by correcting the `main` field in `package.json` to point to the built CJS bundle. (__#7532__)

+- **CommonJS Compatibility:** Restored `require('axios')` in Node.js by correcting the `main` field in `package.json` to point to the built CJS bundle. (**#7532**)

 

-* **Fetch Adapter:** Cancel the `ReadableStream` body after the request stream capability probe to prevent resource leaks. (__#7515__)

+- **Fetch Adapter:** Cancel the `ReadableStream` body after the request stream capability probe to prevent resource leaks. (**#7515**)

 

-* **Proxy:** Upgraded `proxy-from-env` to v2 and switched to the named `getProxyForUrl` export, fixing proxy detection from environment variables and resolving CJS bundling errors. (__#7499__)

+- **Proxy:** Upgraded `proxy-from-env` to v2 and switched to the named `getProxyForUrl` export, fixing proxy detection from environment variables and resolving CJS bundling errors. (**#7499**)

 

-* **HTTP/2:** Close detached HTTP/2 sessions on timeout to free resources when no new requests arrive. (__#7457__)

+- **HTTP/2:** Close detached HTTP/2 sessions on timeout to free resources when no new requests arrive. (**#7457**)

 

-* **Headers:** Trim trailing CRLF characters from normalised header values. (__#7456__)

+- **Headers:** Trim trailing CRLF characters from normalised header values. (**#7456**)

 

 ## 🔧 Maintenance & Chores

 

-* **Toolchain Modernisation:** Migrated test suite to Vitest, updated ESLint to v10, upgraded Rollup and `@rollup/plugin-babel`, migrated to Husky 9, upgraded TypeScript to latest, and modernised the Express test harness. (__#7484__, __#7489__, __#7498__, __#7505__, __#7506__, __#7507__, __#7508__, __#7509__, __#7510__, __#7516__, __#7522__)

+- **Toolchain Modernisation:** Migrated test suite to Vitest, updated ESLint to v10, upgraded Rollup and `@rollup/plugin-babel`, migrated to Husky 9, upgraded TypeScript to latest, and modernised the Express test harness. (**#7484**, **#7489**, **#7498**, **#7505**, **#7506**, **#7507**, **#7508**, **#7509**, **#7510**, **#7516**, **#7522**)

 

-* **Dependencies:** Bumped `multer` to v2, `minimatch`, `tar`, `pacote`, `@babel/preset-env`, and additional dev dependencies. (__#7453__, __#7480__, __#7491__, __#7504__, __#7517__, __#7531__)

+- **Dependencies:** Bumped `multer` to v2, `minimatch`, `tar`, `pacote`, `@babel/preset-env`, and additional dev dependencies. (**#7453**, **#7480**, **#7491**, **#7504**, **#7517**, **#7531**)

 

 ## 🌟 New Contributors

 

 We are thrilled to welcome our new contributors. Thank you for helping improve axios:

 

-* **@penkzhou** (__#7515__)

-* **@aviu16** (__#7456__)

-* **@fedotov** (__#7457__)

+- **@penkzhou** (**#7515**)

+- **@aviu16** (**#7456**)

+- **@fedotov** (**#7457**)

 

 [Full Changelog](https://github.com/axios/axios/compare/v1.13.6...v1.14.0)

 

@@ -84,31 +84,31 @@ This release adds React Native Blob support, fixes several enumeration and expor
 

 ## 🚀 New Features

 

-* **React Native Blob Support:** Axios now correctly handles native Blob objects in React Native environments. (__#5764__)

+- **React Native Blob Support:** Axios now correctly handles native Blob objects in React Native environments. (**#5764**)

 

 ## 🐛 Bug Fixes

 

-* **AxiosError:** Fixed `AxiosError.from` not copying the `status` field from the source error. (__#7403__)

+- **AxiosError:** Fixed `AxiosError.from` not copying the `status` field from the source error. (**#7403**)

 

-* **AxiosError:** Made the `message` property enumerable so it appears in `JSON.stringify` output and `Object.keys`. (__#7392__)

+- **AxiosError:** Made the `message` property enumerable so it appears in `JSON.stringify` output and `Object.keys`. (**#7392**)

 

-* **FormData Detection:** Corrected safe FormData detection for WeChat Mini Program environments. (__#7324__)

+- **FormData Detection:** Corrected safe FormData detection for WeChat Mini Program environments. (**#7324**)

 

-* **React Native / Browserify Export:** Fixed broken module export that caused import failures in React Native and Browserify. (__#7386__)

+- **React Native / Browserify Export:** Fixed broken module export that caused import failures in React Native and Browserify. (**#7386**)

 

 ## 🔧 Maintenance & Chores

 

-* **Dependencies:** Migrated `@rollup/plugin-babel` from v5 to v6 and bumped the development dependencies group. (__#7424__, __#7432__)

+- **Dependencies:** Migrated `@rollup/plugin-babel` from v5 to v6 and bumped the development dependencies group. (**#7424**, **#7432**)

 

 ## 🌟 New Contributors

 

 We are thrilled to welcome our new contributors. Thank you for helping improve axios:

 

-* **@moh3n9595** (__#5764__)

-* **@skrtheboss** (__#7403__)

-* **@ybbus** (__#7392__)

-* **@Shiwaangee** (__#7324__)

-* **@Gudahtt** (__#7386__)

+- **@moh3n9595** (**#5764**)

+- **@skrtheboss** (**#7403**)

+- **@ybbus** (**#7392**)

+- **@Shiwaangee** (**#7324**)

+- **@Gudahtt** (**#7386**)

 

 [Full Changelog](https://github.com/axios/axios/compare/v1.13.5...v1.13.6)

 

@@ -120,29 +120,29 @@ This release patches a prototype pollution denial-of-service vulnerability, fixe
 

 ## 🔒 Security Fixes

 

-* **Prototype Pollution (DoS):** Hardened `mergeConfig` to ignore `__proto__`, `constructor`, and `prototype` keys, preventing denial-of-service via prototype pollution when merging user-supplied config. (__#7369__)

+- **Prototype Pollution (DoS):** Hardened `mergeConfig` to ignore `__proto__`, `constructor`, and `prototype` keys, preventing denial-of-service via prototype pollution when merging user-supplied config. (**#7369**)

 

 ## 🚀 New Features

 

-* **`isAbsoluteURL` Validation:** Added input validation to `isAbsoluteURL` to handle malformed or unexpected input gracefully. (__#7326__)

+- **`isAbsoluteURL` Validation:** Added input validation to `isAbsoluteURL` to handle malformed or unexpected input gracefully. (**#7326**)

 

 ## 🐛 Bug Fixes

 

-* **AxiosError `status`:** Restored the `status` field on `AxiosError` instances, which was missing in v1.13.3 and later. (__#7368__)

+- **AxiosError `status`:** Restored the `status` field on `AxiosError` instances, which was missing in v1.13.3 and later. (**#7368**)

 

-* **Interceptor Ordering:** Added a `useLegacyInterceptorOrder` option to restore pre-v1.13 interceptor execution order for applications relying on the previous behaviour. ([569f028](https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/569f028a5878faaec8d7d138ba686aac407bda4c))

+- **Interceptor Ordering:** Added a `useLegacyInterceptorOrder` option to restore pre-v1.13 interceptor execution order for applications relying on the previous behaviour. ([569f028](https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/569f028a5878faaec8d7d138ba686aac407bda4c))

 

 ## 🔧 Maintenance & Chores

 

-* **CI:** Fixed run conditions and updated workflow YAMLs. (__#7372__, __#7373__)

+- **CI:** Fixed run conditions and updated workflow YAMLs. (**#7372**, **#7373**)

 

-* **Dependencies:** Bumped `karma-sourcemap-loader` and minor package versions. (__#7356__, __#7360__)

+- **Dependencies:** Bumped `karma-sourcemap-loader` and minor package versions. (**#7356**, **#7360**)

 

 ## 🌟 New Contributors

 

 We are thrilled to welcome our new contributors. Thank you for helping improve axios:

 

-* **@asmitha-16** (__#7326__)

+- **@asmitha-16** (**#7326**)

 

 [Full Changelog](https://github.com/axios/axios/compare/v1.13.4...v1.13.5)

 

@@ -154,13 +154,13 @@ Patch release fixing regressions introduced in v1.13.3, including TypeScript exp
 

 ## 🐛 Bug Fixes

 

-* **v1.13.3 Regressions:** Fixed multiple issues introduced by the v1.13.3 release, including broken merge configs. (__#7352__)

+- **v1.13.3 Regressions:** Fixed multiple issues introduced by the v1.13.3 release, including broken merge configs. (**#7352**)

 

-* **TypeScript Exports:** Corrected TypeScript export declarations to restore proper type resolution. (__#4884__)

+- **TypeScript Exports:** Corrected TypeScript export declarations to restore proper type resolution. (**#4884**)

 

 ## 🔧 Maintenance & Chores

 

-* **CI & Build:** Refactored CI pipeline and build configuration for stability. (__#7340__)

+- **CI & Build:** Refactored CI pipeline and build configuration for stability. (**#7340**)

 

 [Full Changelog](https://github.com/axios/axios/compare/v1.13.3...v1.13.4)

 

@@ -615,9 +615,10 @@ export default isHttpAdapterSupported &&
 
       // HTTP basic authentication
       let auth = undefined;
-      if (config.auth) {
-        const username = config.auth.username || '';
-        const password = config.auth.password || '';
+      const configAuth = own('auth');
+      if (configAuth) {
+        const username = configAuth.username || '';
+        const password = configAuth.password || '';
         auth = username + ':' + password;
       }
 
@@ -651,7 +652,10 @@ export default isHttpAdapterSupported &&
         false
       );
 
-      const options = {
+      // Null-prototype to block prototype pollution gadgets on properties read
+      // directly by Node's http.request (e.g. insecureHTTPParser, lookup).
+      // See GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj.
+      const options = Object.assign(Object.create(null), {
         path,
         method: method,
         headers: headers.toJSON(),
@@ -660,9 +664,9 @@ export default isHttpAdapterSupported &&
         protocol,
         family,
         beforeRedirect: dispatchBeforeRedirect,
-        beforeRedirects: {},
+        beforeRedirects: Object.create(null),
         http2Options,
-      };
+      });
 
       // cacheable-lookup integration hotfix
       !utils.isUndefined(lookup) && (options.lookup = lookup);
@@ -723,8 +727,9 @@ export default isHttpAdapterSupported &&
           if (config.maxRedirects) {
             options.maxRedirects = config.maxRedirects;
           }
-          if (config.beforeRedirect) {
-            options.beforeRedirects.config = config.beforeRedirect;
+          const configBeforeRedirect = own('beforeRedirect');
+          if (configBeforeRedirect) {
+            options.beforeRedirects.config = configBeforeRedirect;
           }
           transport = isHttpsRequest ? httpsFollow : httpFollow;
         }
@@ -737,9 +742,10 @@ export default isHttpAdapterSupported &&
         options.maxBodyLength = Infinity;
       }
 
-      if (config.insecureHTTPParser) {
-        options.insecureHTTPParser = config.insecureHTTPParser;
-      }
+      // Always set an explicit own value so a polluted
+      // Object.prototype.insecureHTTPParser cannot enable the lenient parser
+      // through Node's internal options copy (GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj).
+      options.insecureHTTPParser = Boolean(own('insecureHTTPParser'));
 
       // Create the request
       req = transport.request(options, function handleResponse(res) {

@@ -17,7 +17,18 @@ const headersToObject = (thing) => (thing instanceof AxiosHeaders ? { ...thing }
 export default function mergeConfig(config1, config2) {
   // eslint-disable-next-line no-param-reassign
   config2 = config2 || {};
-  const config = {};
+
+  // Use a null-prototype object so that downstream reads such as `config.auth`
+  // or `config.baseURL` cannot inherit polluted values from Object.prototype
+  // (see GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj). `hasOwnProperty` is restored as a non-enumerable
+  // own slot to preserve ergonomics for user code that relies on it.
+  const config = Object.create(null);
+  Object.defineProperty(config, 'hasOwnProperty', {
+    value: Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,
+    enumerable: false,
+    writable: true,
+    configurable: true,
+  });
 
   function getMergedValue(target, source, prop, caseless) {
     if (utils.isPlainObject(target) && utils.isPlainObject(source)) {

@@ -10,12 +10,24 @@ import buildURL from './buildURL.js';
 export default (config) => {
   const newConfig = mergeConfig({}, config);
 
-  let { data, withXSRFToken, xsrfHeaderName, xsrfCookieName, headers, auth } = newConfig;
+  // Read only own properties to prevent prototype pollution gadgets
+  // (e.g. Object.prototype.baseURL = 'https://evil.com'). See GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj.
+  const own = (key) => (utils.hasOwnProp(newConfig, key) ? newConfig[key] : undefined);
+
+  const data = own('data');
+  let withXSRFToken = own('withXSRFToken');
+  const xsrfHeaderName = own('xsrfHeaderName');
+  const xsrfCookieName = own('xsrfCookieName');
+  let headers = own('headers');
+  const auth = own('auth');
+  const baseURL = own('baseURL');
+  const allowAbsoluteUrls = own('allowAbsoluteUrls');
+  const url = own('url');
 
   newConfig.headers = headers = AxiosHeaders.from(headers);
 
   newConfig.url = buildURL(
-    buildFullPath(newConfig.baseURL, newConfig.url, newConfig.allowAbsoluteUrls),
+    buildFullPath(baseURL, url, allowAbsoluteUrls),
     config.params,
     config.paramsSerializer
   );

@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ function assertOptions(options, schema, allowUnknown) {
   let i = keys.length;
   while (i-- > 0) {
     const opt = keys[i];
-    const validator = schema[opt];
+    // Use hasOwnProperty so a polluted Object.prototype.<opt> cannot supply
+    // a non-function validator and cause a TypeError. See GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj.
+    const validator = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(schema, opt) ? schema[opt] : undefined;
     if (validator) {
       const value = options[opt];
       const result = value === undefined || validator(value, opt, options);

@@ -21,6 +21,32 @@ describe('Prototype Pollution Protection', () => {
     delete Object.prototype.family;
     delete Object.prototype.http2Options;
     delete Object.prototype.validateStatus;
+    delete Object.prototype.auth;
+    delete Object.prototype.baseURL;
+    delete Object.prototype.socketPath;
+    delete Object.prototype.beforeRedirect;
+    delete Object.prototype.insecureHTTPParser;
+    delete Object.prototype.adapter;
+    delete Object.prototype.httpAgent;
+    delete Object.prototype.httpsAgent;
+    delete Object.prototype.proxy;
+    delete Object.prototype.maxContentLength;
+    delete Object.prototype.maxBodyLength;
+    delete Object.prototype.maxRedirects;
+    delete Object.prototype.maxRate;
+    delete Object.prototype.timeout;
+    delete Object.prototype.transitional;
+    delete Object.prototype.timeoutErrorMessage;
+    delete Object.prototype.env;
+    delete Object.prototype.cancelToken;
+    delete Object.prototype.signal;
+    delete Object.prototype.decompress;
+    delete Object.prototype.params;
+    delete Object.prototype.paramsSerializer;
+    delete Object.prototype.method;
+    delete Object.prototype.withCredentials;
+    delete Object.prototype.responseType;
+    delete Object.prototype.fetchOptions;
   });
 
   describe('utils.merge', () => {
@@ -385,4 +411,489 @@ describe('Prototype Pollution Protection', () => {
       }
     }, 10000);
   });
+
+  // GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj: five config properties were read via direct property
+  // access in the http adapter and resolveConfig, bypassing hasOwnProperty and
+  // allowing prototype pollution gadgets (auth, baseURL, socketPath,
+  // beforeRedirect, insecureHTTPParser).
+  describe('GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj http adapter gadgets', () => {
+    function startServer(handler) {
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const server = http.createServer(handler || ((req, res) => {
+          res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+          res.end(JSON.stringify({ headers: req.headers, url: req.url }));
+        }));
+        server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => resolve(server));
+      });
+    }
+
+    function stopServer(server) {
+      return new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
+    }
+
+    it('should not pick up Object.prototype.auth as an Authorization header', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.auth = { username: 'attacker', password: 'exfil' };
+
+      const server = await startServer();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/api`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.data.headers.authorization, undefined);
+      } finally {
+        await stopServer(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should not pick up Object.prototype.socketPath and redirect the request', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.socketPath = '/tmp/axios-should-never-be-used.sock';
+
+      const server = await startServer();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/api`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.data.url, '/api');
+      } finally {
+        await stopServer(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should not invoke Object.prototype.beforeRedirect during redirects', async () => {
+      let hijackCalled = false;
+      Object.prototype.beforeRedirect = function polluted() {
+        hijackCalled = true;
+      };
+
+      const target = await startServer();
+      const { port: targetPort } = target.address();
+
+      const redirector = await startServer((req, res) => {
+        res.writeHead(302, { Location: `http://127.0.0.1:${targetPort}/final` });
+        res.end();
+      });
+      const { port: redirectorPort } = redirector.address();
+
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${redirectorPort}/start`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+        assert.strictEqual(hijackCalled, false);
+      } finally {
+        await stopServer(redirector);
+        await stopServer(target);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should not enable insecureHTTPParser via Object.prototype', async () => {
+      // A raw TCP server emits a response that uses LF-only line terminators
+      // instead of CRLF. Node's strict HTTP parser rejects this payload with
+      // HPE_CR_EXPECTED; the insecure parser accepts it. Verified: with an
+      // explicit `insecureHTTPParser: true` on the request config, this
+      // payload is parsed successfully — so if Object.prototype.insecureHTTPParser
+      // were picked up, the request would succeed. The request must fail when
+      // the gadget is properly blocked.
+      Object.prototype.insecureHTTPParser = true;
+
+      const net = await import('net');
+      const malformedPayload =
+        'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\n' +
+        'Content-Type: application/json\n' +
+        'Content-Length: 2\n' +
+        '\n' +
+        '{}';
+      const malformed = await new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const srv = net.createServer((socket) => {
+          socket.once('data', () => socket.end(malformedPayload));
+        });
+        srv.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => resolve(srv));
+      });
+      const { port } = malformed.address();
+
+      try {
+        let threw = false;
+        let caughtCode = '';
+        try {
+          await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`, {
+            transitional: { clarifyTimeoutError: false },
+          });
+        } catch (err) {
+          threw = true;
+          caughtCode = String(err && (err.code || err.message));
+        }
+        assert.strictEqual(
+          threw,
+          true,
+          `request should be rejected by the strict HTTP parser (got: ${caughtCode || 'success'})`
+        );
+        // The exact llhttp code for LF-only line terminators varies across
+        // Node versions (historically HPE_LF_EXPECTED, more recently
+        // HPE_CR_EXPECTED). Match any parser error to remain stable across
+        // Node releases while still confirming the strict parser rejected
+        // the payload.
+        assert.match(
+          caughtCode,
+          /^HPE_/,
+          `expected an HPE_* parser error, got: ${caughtCode}`
+        );
+      } finally {
+        await new Promise((resolve) => malformed.close(resolve));
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+  });
+
+  describe('GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj resolveConfig baseURL gadget', () => {
+    // The baseURL branch in buildFullPath only runs when the requested URL is
+    // relative (or allowAbsoluteUrls === false). An absolute URL would skip
+    // baseURL regardless of pollution and would not exercise the gadget. We
+    // therefore issue a relative GET and assert that either:
+    //   - the request fails (no host to resolve) because baseURL is correctly
+    //     absent from the merged config, OR
+    //   - the request is fulfilled without hitting the hijacker.
+    // Critically, hijackHit must always be false.
+    it('should not hijack relative-URL requests via Object.prototype.baseURL', async () => {
+      let hijackHit = false;
+      const hijacker = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+        hijackHit = true;
+        res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+        res.end('{"hijacked":true}');
+      });
+      await new Promise((resolve) => hijacker.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
+      const { port: hijackerPort } = hijacker.address();
+
+      Object.prototype.baseURL = `http://127.0.0.1:${hijackerPort}`;
+
+      try {
+        let threw = false;
+        try {
+          await axios.get('/api');
+        } catch (_err) {
+          threw = true;
+        }
+        // Either the request fails (desired — no baseURL means no host) or it
+        // resolves, but it must NOT hit the polluted hijacker.
+        assert.strictEqual(hijackHit, false);
+        assert.strictEqual(threw, true);
+      } finally {
+        await new Promise((resolve) => hijacker.close(resolve));
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    // Second variant using allowAbsoluteUrls: false to force the baseURL path
+    // even for a fully-qualified requested URL.
+    it('should not hijack requests via Object.prototype.baseURL with allowAbsoluteUrls:false', async () => {
+      let hijackHit = false;
+      const hijacker = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+        hijackHit = true;
+        res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+        res.end('{"hijacked":true}');
+      });
+      await new Promise((resolve) => hijacker.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
+      const { port: hijackerPort } = hijacker.address();
+
+      const target = http.createServer((req, res) => {
+        res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+        res.end('{"ok":true}');
+      });
+      await new Promise((resolve) => target.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
+      const { port: targetPort } = target.address();
+
+      Object.prototype.baseURL = `http://127.0.0.1:${hijackerPort}`;
+
+      try {
+        // If the gadget were picked up, combineURLs(hijacker, `http://target`)
+        // would route to the hijacker. It must not.
+        let threw = false;
+        try {
+          await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${targetPort}/api`, {
+            allowAbsoluteUrls: false,
+          });
+        } catch (_err) {
+          threw = true;
+        }
+        assert.strictEqual(hijackHit, false);
+        // allowAbsoluteUrls:false + no baseURL → combineURLs not invoked
+        // (baseURL falsy) → returns requested URL as-is → target receives it.
+        // If baseURL were inherited from prototype, it would be truthy and
+        // combineURLs would be invoked, routing to the hijacker.
+        assert.strictEqual(threw, false);
+      } finally {
+        await new Promise((resolve) => hijacker.close(resolve));
+        await new Promise((resolve) => target.close(resolve));
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+  });
+
+  // Structural defense: mergeConfig returns a null-prototype object, so any
+  // property read that is not an own property of config cannot inherit from
+  // Object.prototype. Adding a new key to Object.prototype must never appear
+  // as a property of the merged config.
+  describe('mergeConfig null-prototype structural defense', () => {
+    it('should return an object whose prototype is null', () => {
+      const merged = mergeConfig({ url: '/x' }, { method: 'get' });
+      assert.strictEqual(Object.getPrototypeOf(merged), null);
+    });
+
+    it('should preserve hasOwnProperty as a callable own slot', () => {
+      const merged = mergeConfig({}, { url: '/x', method: 'get' });
+      assert.strictEqual(typeof merged.hasOwnProperty, 'function');
+      assert.strictEqual(merged.hasOwnProperty('url'), true);
+      assert.strictEqual(merged.hasOwnProperty('method'), true);
+      assert.strictEqual(merged.hasOwnProperty('bogus'), false);
+    });
+
+    it('should not serialize hasOwnProperty slot via Object.keys', () => {
+      const merged = mergeConfig({ url: '/x' }, {});
+      assert.ok(!Object.keys(merged).includes('hasOwnProperty'));
+    });
+
+    it('should not expose arbitrary polluted keys as inherited properties', () => {
+      Object.prototype.polluted = 'attacker';
+      try {
+        const merged = mergeConfig({ url: '/x' }, {});
+        assert.strictEqual(merged.polluted, undefined);
+      } finally {
+        delete Object.prototype.polluted;
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  // Verify every gadget enumerated in the audit (extension of GHSA-q8qp-cvcw-x6jj)
+  // is neutralized end-to-end by the null-prototype config.
+  describe('Full gadget coverage via null-prototype config', () => {
+    function startEcho(handler) {
+      return new Promise((resolve) => {
+        const server = http.createServer(handler || ((req, res) => {
+          let body = '';
+          req.on('data', (c) => (body += c));
+          req.on('end', () => {
+            res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
+            res.end(JSON.stringify({
+              url: req.url,
+              method: req.method,
+              headers: req.headers,
+              body,
+            }));
+          });
+        }));
+        server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', () => resolve(server));
+      });
+    }
+    const stop = (s) => new Promise((r) => s.close(r));
+
+    it('should ignore polluted transformRequest', async () => {
+      let invoked = false;
+      Object.prototype.transformRequest = function polluted(data) {
+        invoked = true;
+        return 'INJECTED';
+      };
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.post(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`, { hello: 'world' });
+        assert.strictEqual(invoked, false);
+        assert.notStrictEqual(res.data.body, 'INJECTED');
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted transformResponse', async () => {
+      let invoked = false;
+      Object.prototype.transformResponse = function polluted() {
+        invoked = true;
+        return 'HIJACKED';
+      };
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(invoked, false);
+        assert.notStrictEqual(res.data, 'HIJACKED');
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted adapter', async () => {
+      let hijacked = false;
+      Object.prototype.adapter = function pollutedAdapter() {
+        hijacked = true;
+        return Promise.resolve({ data: 'pwned', status: 200, statusText: 'OK', headers: {}, config: {}, request: {} });
+      };
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/ok`);
+        assert.strictEqual(hijacked, false);
+        assert.notStrictEqual(res.data, 'pwned');
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted httpAgent', async () => {
+      let agentUsed = false;
+      Object.prototype.httpAgent = new http.Agent({
+        keepAlive: false,
+      });
+      // Wrap createConnection to detect usage
+      const origCreate = Object.prototype.httpAgent.createConnection;
+      Object.prototype.httpAgent.createConnection = function (...args) {
+        agentUsed = true;
+        return origCreate.apply(this, args);
+      };
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+        assert.strictEqual(agentUsed, false);
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted proxy', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.proxy = {
+        protocol: 'http',
+        host: '127.0.0.1',
+        port: 1, // would fail if actually used
+      };
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted maxContentLength', async () => {
+      // Polluted tiny limit would reject a normal response if applied.
+      Object.prototype.maxContentLength = 1;
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted maxRedirects', async () => {
+      // Pollute with 0 — if picked up, follow-redirects path would be skipped.
+      // We make sure regular requests still succeed via the expected path.
+      Object.prototype.maxRedirects = 0;
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted timeout at the merged config level', () => {
+      Object.prototype.timeout = 1;
+      const merged = mergeConfig({}, { url: '/x' });
+      assert.strictEqual(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(merged, 'timeout'), false);
+      assert.strictEqual(merged.timeout, undefined);
+    });
+
+    it('should ignore polluted timeoutErrorMessage', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.timeoutErrorMessage = 'INJECTED_TIMEOUT';
+      // Not easy to assert without triggering a real timeout; just confirm
+      // normal requests still succeed and do not read the polluted key.
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted transitional', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.transitional = { forcedJSONParsing: true, silentJSONParsing: false };
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted params and paramsSerializer', async () => {
+      let serializerInvoked = false;
+      Object.prototype.params = { injected: 'yes' };
+      Object.prototype.paramsSerializer = function polluted() {
+        serializerInvoked = true;
+        return 'injected=yes';
+      };
+
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/x`);
+        assert.strictEqual(serializerInvoked, false);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.data.url, '/x');
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted method', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.method = 'DELETE';
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        // axios.get should still send GET, not DELETE.
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/ok`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.data.method, 'GET');
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted decompress', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.decompress = false;
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        assert.strictEqual(res.status, 200);
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+
+    it('should ignore polluted responseType', async () => {
+      Object.prototype.responseType = 'arraybuffer';
+      const server = await startEcho();
+      const { port } = server.address();
+      try {
+        const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`);
+        // When responseType is not set on config, json parsing should apply
+        // and res.data should be an object, not an ArrayBuffer/Buffer.
+        assert.strictEqual(typeof res.data, 'object');
+        assert.ok(!Buffer.isBuffer(res.data));
+      } finally {
+        await stop(server);
+      }
+    }, 10000);
+  });
 });