CVE-2026-33577

@@ -174,6 +174,22 @@ describe("gateway tool defaults", () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it("allows explicit scope overrides for dynamic callers", async () => {
+    callGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({ ok: true });
+    await callGatewayTool(
+      "node.pair.approve",
+      {},
+      { requestId: "req-1" },
+      { scopes: ["operator.admin"] },
+    );
+    expect(callGatewayMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        method: "node.pair.approve",
+        scopes: ["operator.admin"],
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
   it("default-denies unknown methods by sending no scopes", async () => {
     callGatewayMock.mockResolvedValueOnce({ ok: true });
     await callGatewayTool("nonexistent.method", {}, {});

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 import { loadConfig, resolveGatewayPort } from "../../config/config.js";
 import { callGateway } from "../../gateway/call.js";
 import { resolveGatewayCredentialsFromConfig, trimToUndefined } from "../../gateway/credentials.js";
-import { resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod } from "../../gateway/method-scopes.js";
+import {
+  resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod,
+  type OperatorScope,
+} from "../../gateway/method-scopes.js";
 import { GATEWAY_CLIENT_MODES, GATEWAY_CLIENT_NAMES } from "../../utils/message-channel.js";
 import { readStringParam } from "./common.js";
 
@@ -141,10 +144,12 @@ export async function callGatewayTool<T = Record<string, unknown>>(
   method: string,
   opts: GatewayCallOptions,
   params?: unknown,
-  extra?: { expectFinal?: boolean },
+  extra?: { expectFinal?: boolean; scopes?: OperatorScope[] },
 ) {
   const gateway = resolveGatewayOptions(opts);
-  const scopes = resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod(method);
+  const scopes = Array.isArray(extra?.scopes)
+    ? extra.scopes
+    : resolveLeastPrivilegeOperatorScopesForMethod(method);
   return await callGateway<T>({
     url: gateway.url,
     token: gateway.token,

@@ -273,4 +273,116 @@ describe("createNodesTool screen_record duration guardrails", () => {
     });
     expect(JSON.stringify(result?.content ?? [])).not.toContain("MEDIA:");
   });
+
+  it("uses operator.admin to approve exec-capable node pair requests", async () => {
+    gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool.mockImplementation(async (method, _opts, params, extra) => {
+      if (method === "node.pair.list") {
+        return {
+          pending: [
+            {
+              requestId: "req-1",
+              commands: ["system.run"],
+            },
+          ],
+        };
+      }
+      if (method === "node.pair.approve") {
+        return { ok: true, method, params, extra };
+      }
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${String(method)}`);
+    });
+    const tool = createNodesTool();
+
+    await tool.execute("call-1", {
+      action: "approve",
+      requestId: "req-1",
+    });
+
+    expect(gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      1,
+      "node.pair.list",
+      {},
+      {},
+      { scopes: ["operator.pairing", "operator.write"] },
+    );
+    expect(gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      "node.pair.approve",
+      {},
+      { requestId: "req-1" },
+      { scopes: ["operator.admin"] },
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("uses operator.write to approve non-exec node pair requests", async () => {
+    gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool.mockImplementation(async (method, _opts, params, extra) => {
+      if (method === "node.pair.list") {
+        return {
+          pending: [
+            {
+              requestId: "req-1",
+              commands: ["canvas.snapshot"],
+            },
+          ],
+        };
+      }
+      if (method === "node.pair.approve") {
+        return { ok: true, method, params, extra };
+      }
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${String(method)}`);
+    });
+    const tool = createNodesTool();
+
+    await tool.execute("call-1", {
+      action: "approve",
+      requestId: "req-1",
+    });
+
+    expect(gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      1,
+      "node.pair.list",
+      {},
+      {},
+      { scopes: ["operator.pairing", "operator.write"] },
+    );
+    expect(gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      "node.pair.approve",
+      {},
+      { requestId: "req-1" },
+      { scopes: ["operator.write"] },
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("uses operator.write for commandless node pair requests", async () => {
+    gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool.mockImplementation(async (method, _opts, params, extra) => {
+      if (method === "node.pair.list") {
+        return {
+          pending: [
+            {
+              requestId: "req-1",
+            },
+          ],
+        };
+      }
+      if (method === "node.pair.approve") {
+        return { ok: true, method, params, extra };
+      }
+      throw new Error(`unexpected method: ${String(method)}`);
+    });
+    const tool = createNodesTool();
+
+    await tool.execute("call-1", {
+      action: "approve",
+      requestId: "req-1",
+    });
+
+    expect(gatewayMocks.callGatewayTool).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      "node.pair.approve",
+      {},
+      { requestId: "req-1" },
+      { scopes: ["operator.write"] },
+    );
+  });
 });

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ import {
 } from "../../cli/nodes-screen.js";
 import { parseDurationMs } from "../../cli/parse-duration.js";
 import type { OpenClawConfig } from "../../config/config.js";
+import type { OperatorScope } from "../../gateway/method-scopes.js";
+import { NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS } from "../../infra/node-commands.js";
 import { parsePreparedSystemRunPayload } from "../../infra/system-run-approval-context.js";
 import { imageMimeFromFormat } from "../../media/mime.js";
 import type { GatewayMessageChannel } from "../../utils/message-channel.js";
@@ -72,6 +74,33 @@ const NODE_READ_ACTION_COMMANDS = {
 } as const;
 type GatewayCallOptions = ReturnType<typeof readGatewayCallOptions>;
 
+function resolveApproveScopes(commands: unknown): OperatorScope[] {
+  const normalized = Array.isArray(commands)
+    ? commands.filter((value): value is string => typeof value === "string")
+    : [];
+  if (
+    normalized.some((command) => NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS.some((allowed) => allowed === command))
+  ) {
+    return ["operator.admin"];
+  }
+  if (normalized.length > 0) {
+    return ["operator.write"];
+  }
+  return ["operator.write"];
+}
+
+async function resolveNodePairApproveScopes(
+  gatewayOpts: GatewayCallOptions,
+  requestId: string,
+): Promise<OperatorScope[]> {
+  const pairing = await callGatewayTool<{
+    pending?: Array<{ requestId?: string; commands?: unknown }>;
+  }>("node.pair.list", gatewayOpts, {}, { scopes: ["operator.pairing", "operator.write"] });
+  const pending = Array.isArray(pairing?.pending) ? pairing.pending : [];
+  const match = pending.find((entry) => entry?.requestId === requestId);
+  return resolveApproveScopes(match?.commands);
+}
+
 async function invokeNodeCommandPayload(params: {
   gatewayOpts: GatewayCallOptions;
   node: string;
@@ -199,10 +228,16 @@ export function createNodesTool(options?: {
             const requestId = readStringParam(params, "requestId", {
               required: true,
             });
+            const scopes = await resolveNodePairApproveScopes(gatewayOpts, requestId);
             return jsonResult(
-              await callGatewayTool("node.pair.approve", gatewayOpts, {
-                requestId,
-              }),
+              await callGatewayTool(
+                "node.pair.approve",
+                gatewayOpts,
+                {
+                  requestId,
+                },
+                { scopes },
+              ),
             );
           }
           case "reject": {

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ describe("method scope resolution", () => {
     ["sessions.abort", ["operator.write"]],
     ["sessions.messages.subscribe", ["operator.read"]],
     ["sessions.messages.unsubscribe", ["operator.read"]],
+    ["node.pair.approve", ["operator.write"]],
     ["poll", ["operator.write"]],
     ["config.patch", ["operator.admin"]],
     ["wizard.start", ["operator.admin"]],
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@ describe("operator scope authorization", () => {
       allowed: false,
       missingScope: "operator.write",
     });
+    expect(authorizeOperatorScopesForMethod("node.pair.approve", ["operator.pairing"])).toEqual({
+      allowed: false,
+      missingScope: "operator.write",
+    });
   });
 
   it("requires approvals scope for approval methods", () => {

@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ const METHOD_SCOPE_GROUPS: Record<OperatorScope, readonly string[]> = {
   [PAIRING_SCOPE]: [
     "node.pair.request",
     "node.pair.list",
-    "node.pair.approve",
     "node.pair.reject",
     "node.pair.verify",
     "device.pair.list",
@@ -111,6 +110,7 @@ const METHOD_SCOPE_GROUPS: Record<OperatorScope, readonly string[]> = {
     "tts.setProvider",
     "voicewake.set",
     "node.invoke",
+    "node.pair.approve",
     "chat.send",
     "chat.abort",
     "sessions.create",

@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ export const nodeHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
       respond(true, list, undefined);
     });
   },
-  "node.pair.approve": async ({ params, respond, context }) => {
+  "node.pair.approve": async ({ params, respond, context, client }) => {
     if (!validateNodePairApproveParams(params)) {
       respondInvalidParams({
         respond,
@@ -549,17 +549,32 @@ export const nodeHandlers: GatewayRequestHandlers = {
       return;
     }
     const { requestId } = params as { requestId: string };
+    // Intentionally fail closed for RPC callers without an explicit scoped session.
+    const callerScopes = Array.isArray(client?.connect?.scopes) ? client.connect.scopes : [];
     await respondUnavailableOnThrow(respond, async () => {
-      const approved = await approveNodePairing(requestId);
+      const approved = await approveNodePairing(requestId, { callerScopes });
       if (!approved) {
         respond(false, undefined, errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, "unknown requestId"));
         return;
       }
+      if ("status" in approved && approved.status === "forbidden") {
+        respond(
+          false,
+          undefined,
+          errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, `missing scope: ${approved.missingScope}`),
+        );
+        return;
+      }
+      if (!("node" in approved)) {
+        respond(false, undefined, errorShape(ErrorCodes.INVALID_REQUEST, "unknown requestId"));
+        return;
+      }
+      const approvedNode = approved.node;
       context.broadcast(
         "node.pair.resolved",
         {
           requestId,
-          nodeId: approved.node.nodeId,
+          nodeId: approvedNode.nodeId,
           decision: "approved",
           ts: Date.now(),
         },

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { WebSocket } from "ws";
+import { approveDevicePairing, listDevicePairing } from "../infra/device-pairing.js";
+import { approveNodePairing, getPairedNode, requestNodePairing } from "../infra/node-pairing.js";
+import { GATEWAY_CLIENT_MODES, GATEWAY_CLIENT_NAMES } from "../utils/message-channel.js";
+import {
+  issueOperatorToken,
+  loadDeviceIdentity,
+  openTrackedWs,
+} from "./device-authz.test-helpers.js";
+import { connectGatewayClient } from "./test-helpers.e2e.js";
+import {
+  connectOk,
+  installGatewayTestHooks,
+  rpcReq,
+  startServerWithClient,
+} from "./test-helpers.js";
+
+installGatewayTestHooks({ scope: "suite" });
+
+async function connectNodeClientWithPairing(params: {
+  port: number;
+  deviceIdentity: ReturnType<typeof loadDeviceIdentity>["identity"];
+  commands: string[];
+}) {
+  const connect = async () =>
+    await connectGatewayClient({
+      url: `ws://127.0.0.1:${params.port}`,
+      token: "secret",
+      role: "node",
+      clientName: GATEWAY_CLIENT_NAMES.NODE_HOST,
+      clientDisplayName: "node-command-pin",
+      clientVersion: "1.0.0",
+      platform: "darwin",
+      mode: GATEWAY_CLIENT_MODES.NODE,
+      commands: params.commands,
+      deviceIdentity: params.deviceIdentity,
+      timeoutMessage: "timeout waiting for paired node to connect",
+    });
+
+  try {
+    return await connect();
+  } catch (error) {
+    const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+    if (!message.includes("pairing required")) {
+      throw error;
+    }
+    const pairing = await listDevicePairing();
+    for (const pending of pairing.pending) {
+      await approveDevicePairing(pending.requestId);
+    }
+    return await connect();
+  }
+}
+
+describe("gateway node pairing authorization", () => {
+  test("requires operator.write before node pairing approvals", async () => {
+    const started = await startServerWithClient("secret");
+    const approver = await issueOperatorToken({
+      name: "node-pair-approve-pairing-only",
+      approvedScopes: ["operator.admin"],
+      tokenScopes: ["operator.pairing"],
+      clientId: GATEWAY_CLIENT_NAMES.TEST,
+      clientMode: GATEWAY_CLIENT_MODES.TEST,
+    });
+
+    let pairingWs: WebSocket | undefined;
+    try {
+      const request = await requestNodePairing({
+        nodeId: "node-approve-target",
+        platform: "darwin",
+        commands: ["system.run"],
+      });
+
+      pairingWs = await openTrackedWs(started.port);
+      await connectOk(pairingWs, {
+        skipDefaultAuth: true,
+        deviceToken: approver.token,
+        deviceIdentityPath: approver.identityPath,
+        scopes: ["operator.pairing"],
+      });
+
+      const approve = await rpcReq(pairingWs, "node.pair.approve", {
+        requestId: request.request.requestId,
+      });
+      expect(approve.ok).toBe(false);
+      expect(approve.error?.message).toBe("missing scope: operator.write");
+
+      await expect(getPairedNode("node-approve-target")).resolves.toBeNull();
+    } finally {
+      pairingWs?.close();
+      started.ws.close();
+      await started.server.close();
+      started.envSnapshot.restore();
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("rejects approving exec-capable node commands above the caller session scopes", async () => {
+    const started = await startServerWithClient("secret");
+    const approver = await issueOperatorToken({
+      name: "node-pair-approve-attacker",
+      approvedScopes: ["operator.admin"],
+      tokenScopes: ["operator.write"],
+      clientId: GATEWAY_CLIENT_NAMES.TEST,
+      clientMode: GATEWAY_CLIENT_MODES.TEST,
+    });
+
+    let pairingWs: WebSocket | undefined;
+    try {
+      const request = await requestNodePairing({
+        nodeId: "node-approve-target",
+        platform: "darwin",
+        commands: ["system.run"],
+      });
+
+      pairingWs = await openTrackedWs(started.port);
+      await connectOk(pairingWs, {
+        skipDefaultAuth: true,
+        deviceToken: approver.token,
+        deviceIdentityPath: approver.identityPath,
+        scopes: ["operator.write"],
+      });
+
+      const approve = await rpcReq(pairingWs, "node.pair.approve", {
+        requestId: request.request.requestId,
+      });
+      expect(approve.ok).toBe(false);
+      expect(approve.error?.message).toBe("missing scope: operator.admin");
+
+      await expect(getPairedNode("node-approve-target")).resolves.toBeNull();
+    } finally {
+      pairingWs?.close();
+      started.ws.close();
+      await started.server.close();
+      started.envSnapshot.restore();
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("pins connected node commands to the approved pairing record", async () => {
+    const started = await startServerWithClient("secret");
+    const pairedNode = loadDeviceIdentity("node-command-pin");
+
+    let controlWs: WebSocket | undefined;
+    let firstClient: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof connectGatewayClient>> | undefined;
+    let nodeClient: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof connectGatewayClient>> | undefined;
+    try {
+      controlWs = await openTrackedWs(started.port);
+      await connectOk(controlWs, { token: "secret" });
+
+      firstClient = await connectNodeClientWithPairing({
+        port: started.port,
+        deviceIdentity: pairedNode.identity,
+        commands: ["canvas.snapshot"],
+      });
+      await firstClient.stopAndWait();
+
+      const request = await requestNodePairing({
+        nodeId: pairedNode.identity.deviceId,
+        platform: "darwin",
+        commands: ["canvas.snapshot"],
+      });
+      await approveNodePairing(request.request.requestId);
+
+      nodeClient = await connectNodeClientWithPairing({
+        port: started.port,
+        deviceIdentity: pairedNode.identity,
+        commands: ["canvas.snapshot", "system.run"],
+      });
+
+      const deadline = Date.now() + 2_000;
+      let lastNodes: Array<{ nodeId: string; connected?: boolean; commands?: string[] }> = [];
+      while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+        const list = await rpcReq<{
+          nodes?: Array<{ nodeId: string; connected?: boolean; commands?: string[] }>;
+        }>(controlWs, "node.list", {});
+        lastNodes = list.payload?.nodes ?? [];
+        const node = lastNodes.find(
+          (entry) => entry.nodeId === pairedNode.identity.deviceId && entry.connected,
+        );
+        if (
+          JSON.stringify(node?.commands?.toSorted() ?? []) === JSON.stringify(["canvas.snapshot"])
+        ) {
+          break;
+        }
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 25));
+      }
+      const connectedNode = lastNodes.find(
+        (entry) => entry.nodeId === pairedNode.identity.deviceId && entry.connected,
+      );
+      expect(connectedNode?.commands?.toSorted(), JSON.stringify(lastNodes)).toEqual([
+        "canvas.snapshot",
+      ]);
+
+      const invoke = await rpcReq(controlWs, "node.invoke", {
+        nodeId: pairedNode.identity.deviceId,
+        command: "system.run",
+        params: { command: "echo blocked" },
+        idempotencyKey: "node-command-pin",
+      });
+      expect(invoke.ok).toBe(false);
+      expect(invoke.error?.message ?? "").toContain("node command not allowed");
+    } finally {
+      controlWs?.close();
+      await firstClient?.stopAndWait();
+      await nodeClient?.stopAndWait();
+      started.ws.close();
+      await started.server.close();
+      started.envSnapshot.restore();
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("treats paired nodes without stored commands as having no approved commands", async () => {
+    const started = await startServerWithClient("secret");
+    const pairedNode = loadDeviceIdentity("node-command-empty");
+
+    let controlWs: WebSocket | undefined;
+    let firstClient: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof connectGatewayClient>> | undefined;
+    let nodeClient: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof connectGatewayClient>> | undefined;
+    try {
+      controlWs = await openTrackedWs(started.port);
+      await connectOk(controlWs, { token: "secret" });
+
+      firstClient = await connectNodeClientWithPairing({
+        port: started.port,
+        deviceIdentity: pairedNode.identity,
+        commands: ["canvas.snapshot"],
+      });
+      await firstClient.stopAndWait();
+
+      const request = await requestNodePairing({
+        nodeId: pairedNode.identity.deviceId,
+        platform: "darwin",
+      });
+      await approveNodePairing(request.request.requestId);
+
+      nodeClient = await connectNodeClientWithPairing({
+        port: started.port,
+        deviceIdentity: pairedNode.identity,
+        commands: ["canvas.snapshot", "system.run"],
+      });
+
+      const deadline = Date.now() + 2_000;
+      let lastNodes: Array<{ nodeId: string; connected?: boolean; commands?: string[] }> = [];
+      while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+        const list = await rpcReq<{
+          nodes?: Array<{ nodeId: string; connected?: boolean; commands?: string[] }>;
+        }>(controlWs, "node.list", {});
+        lastNodes = list.payload?.nodes ?? [];
+        const node = lastNodes.find(
+          (entry) => entry.nodeId === pairedNode.identity.deviceId && entry.connected,
+        );
+        if ((node?.commands?.length ?? 0) === 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 25));
+      }
+      const connectedNode = lastNodes.find(
+        (entry) => entry.nodeId === pairedNode.identity.deviceId && entry.connected,
+      );
+      expect(connectedNode?.commands ?? [], JSON.stringify(lastNodes)).toEqual([]);
+    } finally {
+      controlWs?.close();
+      await firstClient?.stopAndWait();
+      await nodeClient?.stopAndWait();
+      started.ws.close();
+      await started.server.close();
+      started.envSnapshot.restore();
+    }
+  });
+});

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import {
   updatePairedDeviceMetadata,
   verifyDeviceToken,
 } from "../../../infra/device-pairing.js";
-import { updatePairedNodeMetadata } from "../../../infra/node-pairing.js";
+import { getPairedNode, updatePairedNodeMetadata } from "../../../infra/node-pairing.js";
 import { recordRemoteNodeInfo, refreshRemoteNodeBins } from "../../../infra/skills-remote.js";
 import { upsertPresence } from "../../../infra/system-presence.js";
 import { loadVoiceWakeConfig } from "../../../infra/voicewake.js";
@@ -966,14 +966,22 @@ export function attachGatewayWsMessageHandler(params: {
 
         if (role === "node") {
           const cfg = loadConfig();
+          const nodeId = connectParams.device?.id ?? connectParams.client.id;
+          const pairedNode = await getPairedNode(nodeId);
           const allowlist = resolveNodeCommandAllowlist(cfg, {
             platform: connectParams.client.platform,
             deviceFamily: connectParams.client.deviceFamily,
           });
           const declared = Array.isArray(connectParams.commands) ? connectParams.commands : [];
+          const pairedCommands = pairedNode ? new Set(pairedNode.commands ?? []) : null;
           const filtered = declared
             .map((cmd) => cmd.trim())
-            .filter((cmd) => cmd.length > 0 && allowlist.has(cmd));
+            .filter(
+              (cmd) =>
+                cmd.length > 0 &&
+                allowlist.has(cmd) &&
+                (pairedCommands === null || pairedCommands.has(cmd)),
+            );
           connectParams.commands = filtered;
         }
 

@@ -79,4 +79,60 @@ describe("node pairing tokens", () => {
       ok: false,
     });
   });
+
+  test("requires operator.admin to approve system.run node commands", async () => {
+    const baseDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), "openclaw-node-pairing-"));
+    const request = await requestNodePairing(
+      {
+        nodeId: "node-1",
+        platform: "darwin",
+        commands: ["system.run"],
+      },
+      baseDir,
+    );
+
+    await expect(
+      approveNodePairing(
+        request.request.requestId,
+        { callerScopes: ["operator.pairing"] },
+        baseDir,
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toEqual({
+      status: "forbidden",
+      missingScope: "operator.admin",
+    });
+    await expect(getPairedNode("node-1", baseDir)).resolves.toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  test("requires operator.write to approve non-exec node commands", async () => {
+    const baseDir = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), "openclaw-node-pairing-"));
+    const request = await requestNodePairing(
+      {
+        nodeId: "node-1",
+        platform: "darwin",
+        commands: ["canvas.present"],
+      },
+      baseDir,
+    );
+
+    await expect(
+      approveNodePairing(
+        request.request.requestId,
+        { callerScopes: ["operator.pairing"] },
+        baseDir,
+      ),
+    ).resolves.toEqual({
+      status: "forbidden",
+      missingScope: "operator.write",
+    });
+    await expect(
+      approveNodePairing(request.request.requestId, { callerScopes: ["operator.write"] }, baseDir),
+    ).resolves.toEqual({
+      requestId: request.request.requestId,
+      node: expect.objectContaining({
+        nodeId: "node-1",
+        commands: ["canvas.present"],
+      }),
+    });
+  });
 });

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
+import { resolveMissingRequestedScope } from "../shared/operator-scope-compat.js";
+import { NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS } from "./node-commands.js";
 import {
   createAsyncLock,
   pruneExpiredPending,
@@ -51,9 +53,27 @@ type NodePairingStateFile = {
 };
 
 const PENDING_TTL_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000;
+const OPERATOR_ROLE = "operator";
+const OPERATOR_WRITE_SCOPE = "operator.write";
+const OPERATOR_ADMIN_SCOPE = "operator.admin";
 
 const withLock = createAsyncLock();
 
+function resolveNodeApprovalRequiredScope(pending: NodePairingPendingRequest): string | null {
+  const commands = Array.isArray(pending.commands) ? pending.commands : [];
+  if (commands.some((command) => NODE_SYSTEM_RUN_COMMANDS.some((allowed) => allowed === command))) {
+    return OPERATOR_ADMIN_SCOPE;
+  }
+  if (commands.length > 0) {
+    return OPERATOR_WRITE_SCOPE;
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+type ApprovedNodePairingResult = { requestId: string; node: NodePairingPairedNode };
+type ForbiddenNodePairingResult = { status: "forbidden"; missingScope: string };
+type ApproveNodePairingResult = ApprovedNodePairingResult | ForbiddenNodePairingResult | null;
+
 async function loadState(baseDir?: string): Promise<NodePairingStateFile> {
   const { pendingPath, pairedPath } = resolvePairingPaths(baseDir, "nodes");
   const [pending, paired] = await Promise.all([
@@ -146,13 +166,39 @@ export async function requestNodePairing(
 export async function approveNodePairing(
   requestId: string,
   baseDir?: string,
-): Promise<{ requestId: string; node: NodePairingPairedNode } | null> {
+): Promise<ApprovedNodePairingResult | null>;
+export async function approveNodePairing(
+  requestId: string,
+  options: { callerScopes?: readonly string[] },
+  baseDir?: string,
+): Promise<ApproveNodePairingResult>;
+export async function approveNodePairing(
+  requestId: string,
+  optionsOrBaseDir?: { callerScopes?: readonly string[] } | string,
+  maybeBaseDir?: string,
+): Promise<ApproveNodePairingResult> {
+  const options =
+    typeof optionsOrBaseDir === "string" || optionsOrBaseDir === undefined
+      ? undefined
+      : optionsOrBaseDir;
+  const baseDir = typeof optionsOrBaseDir === "string" ? optionsOrBaseDir : maybeBaseDir;
   return await withLock(async () => {
     const state = await loadState(baseDir);
     const pending = state.pendingById[requestId];
     if (!pending) {
       return null;
     }
+    const requiredScope = resolveNodeApprovalRequiredScope(pending);
+    if (requiredScope && options !== undefined) {
+      const missingScope = resolveMissingRequestedScope({
+        role: OPERATOR_ROLE,
+        requestedScopes: [requiredScope],
+        allowedScopes: options.callerScopes ?? [],
+      });
+      if (missingScope) {
+        return { status: "forbidden", missingScope };
+      }
+    }
 
     const now = Date.now();
     const existing = state.pairedByNodeId[pending.nodeId];