n8n has Unauthenticated Expression Evaluation via Form Node

@@ -231,6 +231,17 @@ export class AuthService {
 		});
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Validate a cookie auth token: checks revocation, JWT signature/expiry,
+	 * user existence, and hash consistency. Skips browser-id and MFA checks
+	 * since those are not applicable to webhook cookie validation.
+	 */
+	async validateCookieToken(token: string): Promise<void> {
+		const isInvalid = await this.invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy({ token });
+		if (isInvalid) throw new AuthError('Unauthorized');
+		await this.validateToken(token);
+	}
+
 	async authenticateUserBasedOnToken(
 		token: string,
 		method: string,

@@ -937,6 +937,60 @@ describe('AuthService', () => {
 		});
 	});
 
+	describe('validateCookieToken', () => {
+		beforeEach(() => {
+			jest.resetAllMocks();
+		});
+
+		it('should resolve for a valid token', async () => {
+			const token = authService.issueJWT(user, false, browserId);
+			invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy.mockResolvedValue(false);
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(user);
+
+			await expect(authService.validateCookieToken(token)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+			expect(invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ token });
+			expect(userRepository.findOne).toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should throw when token has been revoked', async () => {
+			const token = authService.issueJWT(user, false, browserId);
+			invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy.mockResolvedValue(true);
+
+			await expect(authService.validateCookieToken(token)).rejects.toThrow('Unauthorized');
+			expect(userRepository.findOne).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should throw when token is malformed', async () => {
+			invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy.mockResolvedValue(false);
+
+			await expect(authService.validateCookieToken('fake-value')).rejects.toThrow('jwt malformed');
+		});
+
+		it('should throw when token is expired', async () => {
+			const token = authService.issueJWT(user, false, browserId);
+			invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy.mockResolvedValue(false);
+			jest.advanceTimersByTime(365 * Time.days.toMilliseconds);
+
+			await expect(authService.validateCookieToken(token)).rejects.toThrow('jwt expired');
+		});
+
+		it('should throw when user is disabled', async () => {
+			const token = authService.issueJWT(user, false, browserId);
+			invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy.mockResolvedValue(false);
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(mock<User>({ ...userData, disabled: true }));
+
+			await expect(authService.validateCookieToken(token)).rejects.toThrow('Unauthorized');
+		});
+
+		it('should throw when user no longer exists', async () => {
+			const token = authService.issueJWT(user, false, browserId);
+			invalidAuthTokenRepository.existsBy.mockResolvedValue(false);
+			userRepository.findOne.mockResolvedValue(null);
+
+			await expect(authService.validateCookieToken(token)).rejects.toThrow('Unauthorized');
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('authenticateUserBasedOnToken', () => {
 		const method = 'POST';
 		const endpoint = '/api/users';

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ describe('setupResponseNodePromise', () => {
 		await new Promise(process.nextTick);
 
 		expect(binaryDataService.getAsStream).toHaveBeenCalledWith('binary-123');
-		expect(res.header).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ 'content-type': 'image/jpeg' });
+		expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['content-type', 'image/jpeg']]));
 		expect(mockStream.pipe).toHaveBeenCalledWith(res, { end: false });
 		expect(finished).toHaveBeenCalledWith(mockStream);
 		expect(responseCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(null, { noWebhookResponse: true });
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ describe('setupResponseNodePromise', () => {
 		});
 		await new Promise(process.nextTick);
 
-		expect(res.header).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ 'content-type': 'text/plain' });
+		expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['content-type', 'text/plain']]));
 		expect(res.end).toHaveBeenCalledWith(buffer);
 		expect(responseCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(null, { noWebhookResponse: true });
 	});

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { type Response } from 'express';
 import { mock } from 'jest-mock-extended';
+import { isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled, getWebhookSandboxCSP } from 'n8n-core';
 import { randomString } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import type { IHttpRequestMethods } from 'n8n-workflow';
 
@@ -12,6 +13,14 @@ import type {
 	WebhookRequest,
 } from '@/webhooks/webhook.types';
 
+jest.mock('n8n-core', () => ({
+	...jest.requireActual('n8n-core'),
+	isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(false),
+	getWebhookSandboxCSP: jest
+		.fn()
+		.mockReturnValue('sandbox allow-downloads allow-forms allow-modals'),
+}));
+
 describe('WebhookRequestHandler', () => {
 	const webhookManager = mock<Required<IWebhookManager>>();
 	const handler = createWebhookHandlerFor(webhookManager);
@@ -163,7 +172,7 @@ describe('WebhookRequestHandler', () => {
 
 			expect(webhookManager.executeWebhook).toHaveBeenCalledWith(req, res);
 			expect(res.status).toHaveBeenCalledWith(200);
-			expect(res.setHeader).toHaveBeenCalledWith('x-custom-header', 'test');
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['x-custom-header', 'test']]));
 			expect(res.json).toHaveBeenCalledWith(executeWebhookResponse.data);
 		});
 
@@ -192,6 +201,54 @@ describe('WebhookRequestHandler', () => {
 			});
 		});
 
+		it('should not throw when legacy response headers contain invalid names', async () => {
+			const req = mock<WebhookRequest>({
+				method: 'GET',
+				params: { path: 'test' },
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+
+			const executeWebhookResponse: IWebhookResponseCallbackData = {
+				responseCode: 200,
+				data: { ok: true },
+				headers: {
+					'<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>': 'xss',
+					'x-valid': 'value',
+				},
+			};
+			webhookManager.executeWebhook.mockResolvedValueOnce(executeWebhookResponse);
+
+			await handler(req, res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['x-valid', 'value']]));
+			expect(res.json).toHaveBeenCalledWith(executeWebhookResponse.data);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow user to override CSP via response headers', async () => {
+			const req = mock<WebhookRequest>({
+				method: 'GET',
+				params: { path: 'test' },
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+
+			const executeWebhookResponse: IWebhookResponseCallbackData = {
+				responseCode: 200,
+				data: { ok: true },
+				headers: {
+					'Content-Security-Policy': "default-src 'unsafe-inline'",
+				},
+			};
+			webhookManager.executeWebhook.mockResolvedValueOnce(executeWebhookResponse);
+
+			await handler(req, res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+			expect(res.setHeader).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Content-Security-Policy', getWebhookSandboxCSP());
+		});
+
 		test.each<IHttpRequestMethods>(['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'PATCH', 'POST', 'PUT'])(
 			"should handle '%s' method",
 			async (method) => {
@@ -215,4 +272,48 @@ describe('WebhookRequestHandler', () => {
 			},
 		);
 	});
+
+	describe('CSP sandbox header', () => {
+		it('should set CSP sandbox header on all webhook responses', async () => {
+			const req = mock<WebhookRequest>({
+				method: 'GET',
+				params: { path: 'test' },
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+
+			const executeWebhookResponse: IWebhookResponseCallbackData = {
+				responseCode: 200,
+				data: {},
+				headers: { 'content-type': 'image/svg+xml' },
+			};
+			webhookManager.executeWebhook.mockResolvedValueOnce(executeWebhookResponse);
+
+			await handler(req, res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeader).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Content-Security-Policy', getWebhookSandboxCSP());
+		});
+
+		it('should not set CSP sandbox header when sandboxing is disabled', async () => {
+			jest.mocked(isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled).mockReturnValueOnce(true);
+
+			const req = mock<WebhookRequest>({
+				method: 'GET',
+				params: { path: 'test' },
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+
+			const executeWebhookResponse: IWebhookResponseCallbackData = {
+				responseCode: 200,
+				data: {},
+				headers: { 'content-type': 'text/html' },
+			};
+			webhookManager.executeWebhook.mockResolvedValueOnce(executeWebhookResponse);
+
+			await handler(req, res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeader).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('Content-Security-Policy', expect.anything());
+		});
+	});
 });

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+import type { Response } from 'express';
+import { mock } from 'jest-mock-extended';
+
+import { WebhookResponseHeaders } from '@/webhooks/webhook-response-headers';
+
+describe('WebhookResponseHeaders', () => {
+	describe('set()', () => {
+		it('should store and apply valid headers', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('X-Custom', 'value');
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['x-custom', 'value']]));
+		});
+
+		it('should silently skip invalid header names containing HTML', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>', 'value');
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should silently skip header names with control characters', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('invalid\x00name', 'value');
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should silently skip invalid header values', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('x-valid-name', 'invalid\x00value');
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should block content-security-policy header', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('Content-Security-Policy', "default-src 'none'");
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should block content-security-policy regardless of case', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('CONTENT-SECURITY-POLICY', "default-src 'none'");
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should lower-case header names', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('X-My-Header', 'test');
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['x-my-header', 'test']]));
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('fromObject()', () => {
+		it('should create an instance with valid headers from an object', () => {
+			const headers = WebhookResponseHeaders.fromObject({
+				'x-valid': 'value1',
+				'x-also-valid': 'value2',
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				new Map([
+					['x-valid', 'value1'],
+					['x-also-valid', 'value2'],
+				]),
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('should skip invalid entries and keep valid ones', () => {
+			const headers = WebhookResponseHeaders.fromObject({
+				'x-valid': 'value',
+				'<script>': 'xss',
+				'content-security-policy': "default-src 'none'",
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['x-valid', 'value']]));
+		});
+
+		it('should convert non-string values to strings', () => {
+			const headers = WebhookResponseHeaders.fromObject({
+				'x-number': 42,
+				'x-bool': true,
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				new Map([
+					['x-number', '42'],
+					['x-bool', 'true'],
+				]),
+			);
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('addFromObject()', () => {
+		it('should add valid entries from an object', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.addFromObject({
+				'x-valid': 'value1',
+				'x-also-valid': 'value2',
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				new Map([
+					['x-valid', 'value1'],
+					['x-also-valid', 'value2'],
+				]),
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('should skip invalid entries and keep valid ones', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.addFromObject({
+				'x-valid': 'value',
+				'<script>': 'xss',
+				'content-security-policy': "default-src 'none'",
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['x-valid', 'value']]));
+		});
+
+		it('should convert non-string values to strings', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.addFromObject({
+				'x-number': 42,
+				'x-bool': true,
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				new Map([
+					['x-number', '42'],
+					['x-bool', 'true'],
+				]),
+			);
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('addFromNodeHeaders()', () => {
+		it('should add valid entries from node response headers', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.addFromNodeHeaders({
+				entries: [
+					{ name: 'X-Custom', value: 'test' },
+					{ name: 'X-Another', value: 'value' },
+				],
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				new Map([
+					['x-custom', 'test'],
+					['x-another', 'value'],
+				]),
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('should skip invalid entries from node response headers', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.addFromNodeHeaders({
+				entries: [
+					{ name: '<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>', value: 'xss' },
+					{ name: 'x-valid', value: 'ok' },
+				],
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(new Map([['x-valid', 'ok']]));
+		});
+
+		it('should handle undefined entries gracefully', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.addFromNodeHeaders({});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should block CSP from node response headers', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.addFromNodeHeaders({
+				entries: [{ name: 'Content-Security-Policy', value: "default-src 'unsafe-inline'" }],
+			});
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('applyToResponse()', () => {
+		it('should be a no-op for an empty instance', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+		});
+
+		it('should call setHeader for each valid header', () => {
+			const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+			headers.set('x-one', '1');
+			headers.set('x-two', '2');
+			headers.set('x-three', '3');
+
+			const res = mock<Response>();
+			headers.applyToResponse(res);
+
+			expect(res.setHeaders).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+				new Map([
+					['x-one', '1'],
+					['x-two', '2'],
+					['x-three', '3'],
+				]),
+			);
+		});
+	});
+});

@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ import {
 import { finished } from 'stream/promises';
 
 import { WebhookService } from './webhook.service';
-import type {
-	IWebhookResponseCallbackData,
-	WebhookRequest,
-	WebhookNodeResponseHeaders,
+import {
 	WebhookResponseHeaders,
-} from './webhook.types';
+	type WebhookNodeResponseHeaders,
+} from './webhook-response-headers';
+import type { IWebhookResponseCallbackData, WebhookRequest } from './webhook.types';
 
 import { ActiveExecutions } from '@/active-executions';
+import { AuthService } from '@/auth/auth.service';
 import { MCP_TRIGGER_NODE_TYPE } from '@/constants';
 import { EventService } from '@/events/event.service';
 import { InternalServerError } from '@/errors/response-errors/internal-server.error';
@@ -309,13 +309,13 @@ export function setupResponseNodePromise(
 		.then(async (response: IN8nHttpFullResponse) => {
 			const binaryData = (response.body as IDataObject)?.binaryData as IBinaryData;
 			if (binaryData?.id) {
-				res.header(response.headers);
+				WebhookResponseHeaders.fromObject(response.headers).applyToResponse(res);
 				const stream = await Container.get(BinaryDataService).getAsStream(binaryData.id);
 				stream.pipe(res, { end: false });
 				await finished(stream);
 				responseCallback(null, { noWebhookResponse: true });
 			} else if (Buffer.isBuffer(response.body)) {
-				res.header(response.headers);
+				WebhookResponseHeaders.fromObject(response.headers).applyToResponse(res);
 				res.end(response.body);
 				responseCallback(null, { noWebhookResponse: true });
 			} else {
@@ -486,6 +486,11 @@ export async function executeWebhook(
 	additionalData.httpRequest = req;
 	additionalData.httpResponse = res;
 
+	const authService = Container.get(AuthService);
+	additionalData.validateCookieAuth = async (token: string) => {
+		await authService.validateCookieToken(token);
+	};
+
 	let didSendResponse = false;
 	let runExecutionDataMerge = {};
 	try {
@@ -574,9 +579,7 @@ export async function executeWebhook(
 
 		if (!res.headersSent && responseHeaders) {
 			// Only set given headers if they haven't been sent yet, e.g. for streaming
-			for (const [name, value] of responseHeaders.entries()) {
-				res.setHeader(name, value);
-			}
+			responseHeaders.applyToResponse(res);
 		}
 
 		if (webhookResultData.noWebhookResponse === true && !didSendResponse) {
@@ -1026,7 +1029,7 @@ async function parseRequestBody(
  * Evaluates the `responseHeaders` parameter of a webhook node
  */
 function evaluateResponseHeaders(context: WebhookExecutionContext): WebhookResponseHeaders {
-	const headers = new Map<string, string>();
+	const headers = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
 
 	if (context.webhookData.webhookDescription.responseHeaders === undefined) {
 		return headers;
@@ -1036,12 +1039,8 @@ function evaluateResponseHeaders(context: WebhookExecutionContext): WebhookRespo
 		context.evaluateComplexWebhookDescriptionExpression<WebhookNodeResponseHeaders>(
 			'responseHeaders',
 		);
-	if (evaluatedHeaders?.entries === undefined) {
-		return headers;
-	}
-
-	for (const entry of evaluatedHeaders.entries) {
-		headers.set(entry.name.toLowerCase(), entry.value);
+	if (evaluatedHeaders) {
+		headers.addFromNodeHeaders(evaluatedHeaders);
 	}
 
 	return headers;

@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 import { Logger } from '@n8n/backend-common';
 import { Container } from '@n8n/di';
 import type express from 'express';
-import {
-	isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled,
-	getWebhookSandboxCSP,
-	isHtmlRenderedContentType,
-} from 'n8n-core';
+import { isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled, getWebhookSandboxCSP } from 'n8n-core';
 import { ensureError, type IHttpRequestMethods } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import { Readable } from 'stream';
 import { finished } from 'stream/promises';
@@ -23,11 +19,11 @@ import {
 	isWebhookResponse,
 	isWebhookStreamResponse,
 } from '@/webhooks/webhook-response';
+import { WebhookResponseHeaders } from '@/webhooks/webhook-response-headers';
 import type {
 	IWebhookManager,
 	WebhookOptionsRequest,
 	WebhookRequest,
-	WebhookResponseHeaders,
 } from '@/webhooks/webhook.types';
 
 const WEBHOOK_METHODS: IHttpRequestMethods[] = ['DELETE', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'PATCH', 'POST', 'PUT'];
@@ -140,16 +136,9 @@ class WebhookRequestHandler {
 	}
 
 	private setResponseHeaders(res: express.Response, headers?: WebhookResponseHeaders) {
-		if (headers) {
-			for (const [name, value] of headers.entries()) {
-				res.setHeader(name, value);
-			}
-		}
-
-		const contentType = res.getHeader('content-type') as string | undefined;
-		const needsSandbox = !contentType || isHtmlRenderedContentType(contentType);
+		headers?.applyToResponse(res);
 
-		if (needsSandbox && !isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled()) {
+		if (!isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled()) {
 			res.setHeader('Content-Security-Policy', getWebhookSandboxCSP());
 		}
 	}
@@ -167,7 +156,7 @@ class WebhookRequestHandler {
 	) {
 		this.setResponseStatus(res, responseCode);
 		if (responseHeader) {
-			this.setResponseHeaders(res, new Map(Object.entries(responseHeader)));
+			this.setResponseHeaders(res, WebhookResponseHeaders.fromObject(responseHeader));
 		}
 
 		if (data instanceof Readable) {

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import { Logger } from '@n8n/backend-common';
+import { Container } from '@n8n/di';
+import type { Response } from 'express';
+import { validateHeaderName, validateHeaderValue } from 'node:http';
+import { ensureError } from 'n8n-workflow';
+
+/**
+ * The headers object that node's `responseHeaders` property can return
+ */
+export type WebhookNodeResponseHeaders = {
+	entries?: Array<{
+		name: string;
+		value: string;
+	}>;
+};
+
+/** Headers that users are not allowed to set via webhook response config */
+const PROTECTED_HEADERS = new Set(['content-security-policy']);
+
+/** Response headers. Keys are always lower-cased. Invalid headers are silently skipped. */
+export class WebhookResponseHeaders {
+	private headers = new Map<string, string>();
+
+	/** Create an instance from a plain object, validating each entry. */
+	static fromObject(obj: object): WebhookResponseHeaders {
+		const instance = new WebhookResponseHeaders();
+		instance.addFromObject(obj);
+		return instance;
+	}
+
+	/** Add a single header. Silently skips invalid or protected headers. */
+	set(name: string, value: string): void {
+		const lowerName = name.toLowerCase();
+		if (PROTECTED_HEADERS.has(lowerName)) return;
+		try {
+			validateHeaderName(lowerName);
+			validateHeaderValue(lowerName, value);
+		} catch (e) {
+			Container.get(Logger).warn('Dropping invalid webhook response header', {
+				headerName: name,
+				error: ensureError(e).message,
+			});
+			return;
+		}
+		this.headers.set(lowerName, value);
+	}
+
+	/** Add headers from a plain object (e.g. IDataObject from RespondToWebhook node). */
+	addFromObject(obj: object): void {
+		for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(obj)) {
+			this.set(name, String(value));
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Add headers from a webhook node's `responseHeaders` parameter. */
+	addFromNodeHeaders(nodeHeaders: WebhookNodeResponseHeaders): void {
+		if (nodeHeaders.entries === undefined) return;
+
+		for (const entry of nodeHeaders.entries) {
+			this.set(entry.name, entry.value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Apply all validated headers to an Express response. */
+	applyToResponse(res: Response): void {
+		if (this.headers.size === 0) return;
+
+		res.setHeaders(this.headers);
+	}
+}

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import type { Readable } from 'stream';
 
-import type { WebhookResponseHeaders } from './webhook.types';
+import type { WebhookResponseHeaders } from './webhook-response-headers';
 
 export const WebhookResponseTag = Symbol('WebhookResponse');
 

@@ -37,16 +37,3 @@ export interface IWebhookResponseCallbackData {
 }
 
 export type Method = NonNullable<IHttpRequestMethods>;
-
-/** Response headers. Keys are always lower-cased. */
-export type WebhookResponseHeaders = Map<string, string>;
-
-/**
- * The headers object that node's `responseHeaders` property can return
- */
-export type WebhookNodeResponseHeaders = {
-	entries?: Array<{
-		name: string;
-		value: string;
-	}>;
-};

@@ -132,6 +132,13 @@ export class WebhookContext extends NodeExecutionContext implements IWebhookFunc
 		return this.webhookData.webhookDescription.name;
 	}
 
+	async validateCookieAuth(cookieValue: string): Promise<void> {
+		if (!this.additionalData.validateCookieAuth) {
+			throw new ApplicationError('Cookie auth validation is not available');
+		}
+		await this.additionalData.validateCookieAuth(cookieValue);
+	}
+
 	async getInputConnectionData(
 		connectionType: AINodeConnectionType,
 		itemIndex: number,

@@ -11,16 +11,3 @@ export const isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled = () => {
 export const getWebhookSandboxCSP = (): string => {
 	return 'sandbox allow-downloads allow-forms allow-modals allow-orientation-lock allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-presentation allow-scripts allow-top-navigation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation allow-top-navigation-to-custom-protocols';
 };
-
-/**
- * Checks if the given content type is something a browser might render
- * as HTML.
- */
-export const isHtmlRenderedContentType = (contentType: string) => {
-	const contentTypeLower = contentType.trim().toLowerCase();
-
-	return (
-		// The content-type can also contain a charset, e.g. "text/html; charset=utf-8"
-		contentTypeLower.startsWith('text/html') || contentTypeLower.startsWith('application/xhtml+xml')
-	);
-};

@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@ import type { SecurityConfig } from '@n8n/config';
 import { Container } from '@n8n/di';
 import { mock } from 'jest-mock-extended';
 
-import {
-	isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled,
-	getWebhookSandboxCSP,
-	isHtmlRenderedContentType,
-} from '@/html-sandbox';
+import { isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled, getWebhookSandboxCSP } from '@/html-sandbox';
 
 const securityConfig = mock<SecurityConfig>();
 
@@ -29,64 +25,6 @@ describe('isWebhookHtmlSandboxingDisabled', () => {
 	});
 });
 
-describe('isHtmlRenderedContentType', () => {
-	it('should return true for text/html content type', () => {
-		const contentType = 'text/html';
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType(contentType)).toBe(true);
-	});
-
-	it('should return true for application/xhtml+xml content type', () => {
-		const contentType = 'application/xhtml+xml';
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType(contentType)).toBe(true);
-	});
-
-	it('should return false for other content types', () => {
-		const contentType = 'application/json';
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType(contentType)).toBe(false);
-	});
-
-	describe('should handle various HTML content types', () => {
-		test.each([
-			'text/html',
-			'TEXT/HTML',
-			'text/html; charset=utf-8',
-			'text/html; charset=iso-8859-1',
-			'application/xhtml+xml',
-			'APPLICATION/XHTML+XML',
-			'application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8',
-		])('should return true for %s', (contentType) => {
-			expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType(contentType)).toBe(true);
-		});
-	});
-
-	describe('should handle non-HTML content types', () => {
-		test.each([
-			'text/plain',
-			'application/xml',
-			'text/css',
-			'application/javascript',
-			'image/png',
-			'application/pdf',
-			'',
-			'html',
-			'xhtml',
-		])('should return false for %s', (contentType) => {
-			expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType(contentType)).toBe(false);
-		});
-	});
-
-	it('should handle content type with extra spaces', () => {
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType('  text/html')).toBe(true);
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType('text/html  ')).toBe(true);
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType('  text/html  ')).toBe(true);
-	});
-
-	it('should handle edge cases', () => {
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType('text/htmlsomething')).toBe(true);
-		expect(isHtmlRenderedContentType('application/xhtml+xmlsomething')).toBe(true);
-	});
-});
-
 describe('getWebhookSandboxCSP', () => {
 	it('should return correct CSP sandbox directive', () => {
 		const csp = getWebhookSandboxCSP();

@@ -37,20 +37,27 @@ export async function validateAuth(context: IWebhookFunctions) {
 	} else if (authentication === 'n8nUserAuth') {
 		const webhookName = context.getWebhookName();
 
-		function getCookie(name: string) {
-			const value = `; ${headers.cookie}`;
-			const parts = value.split(`; ${name}=`);
+		if (webhookName !== 'setup') {
+			function getCookie(name: string) {
+				const value = `; ${headers.cookie}`;
+				const parts = value.split(`; ${name}=`);
 
-			if (parts.length === 2) {
-				return parts.pop()?.split(';').shift();
+				if (parts.length === 2) {
+					return parts.pop()?.split(';').shift();
+				}
+				return '';
 			}
-			return '';
-		}
 
-		const authCookie = getCookie('n8n-auth');
-		if (!authCookie && webhookName !== 'setup') {
-			// Data is not defined on node so can not authenticate
-			throw new ChatTriggerAuthorizationError(500, 'User not authenticated!');
+			const authCookie = getCookie('n8n-auth');
+			if (!authCookie) {
+				throw new ChatTriggerAuthorizationError(401, 'User not authenticated!');
+			}
+
+			try {
+				await context.validateCookieAuth(authCookie);
+			} catch {
+				throw new ChatTriggerAuthorizationError(401, 'Invalid authentication token');
+			}
 		}
 	}
 

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export function createPage({
 		: 'none';
 	const sanitizedShowWelcomeScreen = !!showWelcomeScreen;
 	const sanitizedAllowFileUploads = !!allowFileUploads;
-	const sanitizedAllowedFilesMimeTypes = allowedFilesMimeTypes?.toString() ?? '';
+	const sanitizedAllowedFilesMimeTypes = sanitizeUserInput(allowedFilesMimeTypes?.toString() ?? '');
 	const sanitizedCustomCss = sanitizeHtml(`<style>${customCss?.toString() ?? ''}</style>`, {
 		allowedTags: ['style'],
 		allowedAttributes: false,

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import { mock } from 'jest-mock-extended';
+import type { ICredentialDataDecryptedObject, IWebhookFunctions } from 'n8n-workflow';
+
+import { ChatTriggerAuthorizationError } from '../error';
+import { validateAuth } from '../GenericFunctions';
+
+describe('validateAuth', () => {
+	const mockContext = mock<IWebhookFunctions>();
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		jest.clearAllMocks();
+	});
+
+	describe('authentication = none', () => {
+		it('should pass without error', async () => {
+			mockContext.getNodeParameter.calledWith('authentication').mockReturnValue('none');
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('authentication = basicAuth', () => {
+		beforeEach(() => {
+			mockContext.getNodeParameter.calledWith('authentication').mockReturnValue('basicAuth');
+		});
+
+		it('should throw 500 when credentials are not defined', async () => {
+			mockContext.getCredentials.mockRejectedValue(new Error('No credentials'));
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toThrow(ChatTriggerAuthorizationError);
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				responseCode: 500,
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('should throw 401 when no auth header is provided', async () => {
+			mockContext.getCredentials.mockResolvedValue({
+				user: 'admin',
+				password: 'secret',
+			} as ICredentialDataDecryptedObject);
+			mockContext.getRequestObject.mockReturnValue({
+				headers: {},
+			} as never);
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toThrow(ChatTriggerAuthorizationError);
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				responseCode: 401,
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('should throw 403 when credentials are wrong', async () => {
+			mockContext.getCredentials.mockResolvedValue({
+				user: 'admin',
+				password: 'secret',
+			} as ICredentialDataDecryptedObject);
+			mockContext.getRequestObject.mockReturnValue({
+				headers: {
+					authorization: 'Basic ' + Buffer.from('admin:wrong').toString('base64'),
+				},
+			} as never);
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toThrow(ChatTriggerAuthorizationError);
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				responseCode: 403,
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('should pass with correct credentials', async () => {
+			mockContext.getCredentials.mockResolvedValue({
+				user: 'admin',
+				password: 'secret',
+			} as ICredentialDataDecryptedObject);
+			mockContext.getRequestObject.mockReturnValue({
+				headers: {
+					authorization: 'Basic ' + Buffer.from('admin:secret').toString('base64'),
+				},
+			} as never);
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('authentication = n8nUserAuth', () => {
+		beforeEach(() => {
+			mockContext.getNodeParameter.calledWith('authentication').mockReturnValue('n8nUserAuth');
+		});
+
+		it('should skip validation for setup webhook', async () => {
+			mockContext.getWebhookName.mockReturnValue('setup');
+			mockContext.getHeaderData.mockReturnValue({});
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('should throw 401 when no n8n-auth cookie is present', async () => {
+			mockContext.getWebhookName.mockReturnValue('default');
+			mockContext.getHeaderData.mockReturnValue({});
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toThrow(ChatTriggerAuthorizationError);
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				responseCode: 401,
+				message: 'User not authenticated!',
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('should throw 401 when cookie has a fake/invalid token', async () => {
+			mockContext.getWebhookName.mockReturnValue('default');
+			mockContext.getHeaderData.mockReturnValue({
+				cookie: 'n8n-auth=anything',
+			});
+			mockContext.validateCookieAuth.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Unauthorized'));
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toThrow(ChatTriggerAuthorizationError);
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				responseCode: 401,
+				message: 'Invalid authentication token',
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('should throw 401 when validateCookieAuth rejects (revoked token)', async () => {
+			mockContext.getWebhookName.mockReturnValue('default');
+			mockContext.getHeaderData.mockReturnValue({
+				cookie: 'n8n-auth=some.revoked.token',
+			});
+			mockContext.validateCookieAuth.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Unauthorized'));
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toThrow(ChatTriggerAuthorizationError);
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).rejects.toMatchObject({
+				responseCode: 401,
+				message: 'Invalid authentication token',
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('should pass with a valid token', async () => {
+			mockContext.getWebhookName.mockReturnValue('default');
+			mockContext.getHeaderData.mockReturnValue({
+				cookie: 'n8n-auth=valid.jwt.token',
+			});
+			mockContext.validateCookieAuth.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+			expect(mockContext.validateCookieAuth).toHaveBeenCalledWith('valid.jwt.token');
+		});
+
+		it('should pass when cookie has other cookies alongside n8n-auth', async () => {
+			mockContext.getWebhookName.mockReturnValue('default');
+			mockContext.getHeaderData.mockReturnValue({
+				cookie: 'other=value; n8n-auth=valid.jwt.token; another=thing',
+			});
+			mockContext.validateCookieAuth.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+
+			await expect(validateAuth(mockContext)).resolves.toBeUndefined();
+			expect(mockContext.validateCookieAuth).toHaveBeenCalledWith('valid.jwt.token');
+		});
+	});
+});

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ describe('ChatTrigger Templates Security', () => {
 		allowedFilesMimeTypes: '',
 		customCss: '',
 		enableStreaming: false,
+		initialMessages: '',
 	};
 
 	describe('XSS Prevention in initialMessages', () => {
@@ -213,6 +214,54 @@ describe('ChatTrigger Templates Security', () => {
 		});
 	});
 
+	describe('XSS Prevention in allowedFilesMimeTypes', () => {
+		it('should prevent script injection through allowedFilesMimeTypes', () => {
+			const maliciousInput = '</script><script>alert(document.cookie)</script>';
+
+			const result = createPage({
+				...defaultParams,
+				allowFileUploads: true,
+				allowedFilesMimeTypes: maliciousInput,
+			});
+
+			expect(result).not.toContain('<script>alert(document.cookie)</script>');
+			expect(result).not.toContain('</script><script>');
+			expect(result).not.toContain('alert(document.cookie)');
+		});
+
+		it('should sanitize common XSS payloads in allowedFilesMimeTypes', () => {
+			const xssPayloads = [
+				{ input: '<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>', dangerous: ['onerror=', '<img'] },
+				{ input: '<svg onload=alert(1)>', dangerous: ['onload=', '<svg'] },
+				{ input: 'javascript:alert(1)', dangerous: ['javascript:'] },
+			];
+
+			xssPayloads.forEach(({ input, dangerous }) => {
+				const result = createPage({
+					...defaultParams,
+					allowFileUploads: true,
+					allowedFilesMimeTypes: input,
+				});
+
+				dangerous.forEach((dangerousContent) => {
+					expect(result).not.toContain(dangerousContent);
+				});
+			});
+		});
+
+		it('should preserve legitimate MIME types', () => {
+			const legitimateMimeTypes = 'image/*,text/plain,application/pdf';
+
+			const result = createPage({
+				...defaultParams,
+				allowFileUploads: true,
+				allowedFilesMimeTypes: legitimateMimeTypes,
+			});
+
+			expect(result).toContain(legitimateMimeTypes);
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('getSanitizedInitialMessages function', () => {
 		it('should sanitize XSS payloads', () => {
 			const maliciousInput = '</script>"%09<script>alert(document.cookie)</script>';

@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@
     "obj",
     "__thisclass__",
     "__self_class__",
+    "__objclass__",
     # introspection attributes
     "__base__",
     "__class__",

@@ -150,6 +150,19 @@ def test_name_mangled_attributes_blocked(self, analyzer: TaskAnalyzer) -> None:
                 analyzer.validate(code)
             assert "name-mangled" in exc_info.value.description.lower()
 
+    def test_objclass_attribute_blocked(self, analyzer: TaskAnalyzer) -> None:
+        exploit_attempts = [
+            "str.__or__.__objclass__",
+            "str.__init__.__objclass__",
+            "type_ref = str.__or__.__objclass__",
+            "object_ref = str.__init__.__objclass__",
+        ]
+
+        for code in exploit_attempts:
+            with pytest.raises(SecurityViolationError) as exc_info:
+                analyzer.validate(code)
+            assert "__objclass__" in exc_info.value.description
+
     def test_attribute_error_obj_blocked(self, analyzer: TaskAnalyzer) -> None:
         exploit_attempts = [
             "e.obj",

@@ -94,11 +94,40 @@ export interface JsTaskData {
 	additionalData: PartialAdditionalData;
 }
 
+type GlobalFunctionWithPrototype = ((...args: unknown[]) => unknown) & {
+	prototype?: object;
+};
+
 type CustomConsole = {
 	log: (...args: unknown[]) => void;
 };
 
 export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
+	private static readonly CONSOLE_METHODS = [
+		'log',
+		'warn',
+		'error',
+		'info',
+		'debug',
+		'trace',
+		'dir',
+		'time',
+		'timeEnd',
+		'timeLog',
+		'assert',
+		'clear',
+		'count',
+		'countReset',
+		'group',
+		'groupEnd',
+		'groupCollapsed',
+		'table',
+		'dirxml',
+		'profile',
+		'profileEnd',
+		'timeStamp',
+	] as const;
+
 	private readonly requireResolver: RequireResolver;
 
 	private readonly builtInsParser = new BuiltInsParser();
@@ -161,15 +190,22 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Overwrite unsafe Buffer allocations on the real constructor
+		const safeAlloc = Buffer.alloc.bind(Buffer);
+		Buffer.allocUnsafe = safeAlloc as typeof Buffer.allocUnsafe;
+		Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow = safeAlloc as typeof Buffer.allocUnsafeSlow;
+
 		// Freeze globals, except in tests because Jest needs to be able to mutate prototypes
 		if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'test') {
 			Object.getOwnPropertyNames(globalThis)
-				// @ts-expect-error globalThis does not have string in index signature
-				// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return
-				.map((name) => globalThis[name])
-				.filter((value) => typeof value === 'function')
-				// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-return, @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-member-access
-				.forEach((fn) => Object.freeze(fn.prototype));
+				.map((name) => Reflect.get(globalThis, name) as unknown)
+				.filter((value): value is GlobalFunctionWithPrototype => typeof value === 'function')
+				.forEach((fn) => {
+					if (typeof fn.prototype === 'object') Object.freeze(fn.prototype);
+					Object.freeze(fn);
+				});
+
+			[Reflect, JSON, Math].forEach(Object.freeze);
 		}
 
 		// Freeze internal classes
@@ -239,19 +275,9 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 	}
 
 	private getNativeVariables() {
-		const { mode } = this;
 		return {
 			// Exposed Node.js globals
-			Buffer: new Proxy(Buffer, {
-				get(target, prop) {
-					if (mode === 'insecure') return target[prop as keyof typeof Buffer];
-					if (prop === 'allocUnsafe' || prop === 'allocUnsafeSlow') {
-						// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/unbound-method
-						return Buffer.alloc;
-					}
-					return target[prop as keyof typeof Buffer];
-				},
-			}),
+			Buffer,
 			setTimeout,
 			setInterval,
 			setImmediate,
@@ -278,7 +304,6 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 	async runCode(settings: JSExecSettings, abortSignal: AbortSignal): Promise<unknown> {
 		const context = createContext({
 			__isExecutionContext: true,
-			module: { exports: {} },
 			...settings.additionalProperties,
 		});
 
@@ -603,7 +628,7 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 	private buildCustomConsole(taskId: string): CustomConsole {
 		return {
 			// all except `log` are dummy methods that disregard without throwing, following existing Code node behavior
-			...Object.keys(console).reduce<Record<string, () => void>>((acc, name) => {
+			...JsTaskRunner.CONSOLE_METHODS.reduce<Record<string, () => void>>((acc, name) => {
 				acc[name] = noOp;
 				return acc;
 			}, {}),
@@ -640,7 +665,6 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 		return createContext({
 			__isExecutionContext: true,
 			require: this.requireResolver,
-			module: {},
 			console: this.buildCustomConsole(taskId),
 			$getWorkflowStaticData: (type: 'global' | 'node') => workflow.getStaticData(type, node),
 			...this.getNativeVariables(),
@@ -654,6 +678,7 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 		return [
 			// shim for `global` compatibility
 			'globalThis.global = globalThis',
+			'var module = { exports: {} }',
 
 			// prevent prototype manipulation
 			'Object.getPrototypeOf = () => ({})',
@@ -673,6 +698,9 @@ export class JsTaskRunner extends TaskRunner {
 			'Object.defineProperty = () => ({})',
 			'Object.defineProperties = () => ({})',
 
+			// freeze constructors to prevent static method mutation
+			'[Object, Function, Array, String, Number, Boolean, RegExp, Error, TypeError, RangeError, SyntaxError, ReferenceError, Promise, Symbol, Map, Set, WeakMap, WeakSet, Date, JSON, Math, Reflect, ArrayBuffer, DataView, Int8Array, Uint8Array, Float32Array, Float64Array].forEach((constructor) => { try { Object.freeze(constructor); } catch {} })',
+
 			// wrap user code
 			`module.exports = async function VmCodeWrapper() {${code}\n}()`,
 		].join('; ');

@@ -151,6 +151,85 @@ describe('JsTaskRunner', () => {
 
 			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ allZeros: true })]);
 		});
+
+		it('should prevent bypass via Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					const desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Buffer, 'allocUnsafe');
+					const fn = desc && desc.value;
+					const buf = fn(10);
+					return [{ json: { allZeros: buf.every(b => b === 0) } }]
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ allZeros: true })]);
+		});
+
+		it('should prevent bypass via Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor for allocUnsafeSlow', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					const desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(Buffer, 'allocUnsafeSlow');
+					const fn = desc && desc.value;
+					const buf = fn(10);
+					return [{ json: { allZeros: buf.every(b => b === 0) } }]
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ allZeros: true })]);
+		});
+
+		it('should prevent bypass via Buffer.from([]).constructor.allocUnsafe', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					const RealBuffer = Buffer.from([]).constructor;
+					const buf = RealBuffer.allocUnsafe(100);
+					return [{ json: { allZeros: buf.every(b => b === 0) } }]
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ allZeros: true })]);
+		});
+
+		it('should support Buffer.from and Buffer.concat', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					const buf1 = Buffer.from('hello');
+					const buf2 = Buffer.from(' world');
+					const combined = Buffer.concat([buf1, buf2]);
+					return [{ json: { result: combined.toString() } }]
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ result: 'hello world' })]);
+		});
+
+		it('should support Buffer.isBuffer', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					const buf = Buffer.from('test');
+					return [{ json: { isBuf: Buffer.isBuffer(buf), notBuf: Buffer.isBuffer('str') } }]
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ isBuf: true, notBuf: false })]);
+		});
+
+		it('should support instanceof Buffer', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					const buf = Buffer.from('test');
+					return [{ json: { isInstance: buf instanceof Buffer } }]
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ isInstance: true })]);
+		});
 	});
 
 	describe('console', () => {
@@ -1476,6 +1555,39 @@ describe('JsTaskRunner', () => {
 			expect(Duration.fromObject({ hours: 1 }).maliciousKey).toBeUndefined();
 		});
 
+		test('should prevent overwriting Object.keys via module.constructor', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					module.constructor.keys = () => ['polluted'];
+					return [{ json: { keyCount: Object.keys({ a: 1, b: 2 }).length } }];
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([wrapIntoJson({ keyCount: 2 })]);
+		});
+
+		test('should keep module.constructor in the sandbox realm', async () => {
+			const outcome = await executeForAllItems({
+				code: `
+					return [{
+						json: {
+							isSandboxObject: module.constructor === Object,
+							isFrozen: Object.isFrozen(module.constructor),
+						},
+					}];
+				`,
+				inputItems: [{ a: 1 }],
+			});
+
+			expect(outcome.result).toEqual([
+				wrapIntoJson({
+					isSandboxObject: true,
+					isFrozen: true,
+				}),
+			]);
+		});
+
 		it('should allow prototype mutation when `insecureMode` is true', async () => {
 			const runner = createRunnerWithOpts({
 				insecureMode: true,

@@ -8,19 +8,14 @@ import type {
 	IWebhookResponseData,
 } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import {
-	Node,
-	updateDisplayOptions,
-	NodeOperationError,
 	FORM_NODE_TYPE,
 	FORM_TRIGGER_NODE_TYPE,
-	tryToParseJsonToFormFields,
+	Node,
 	NodeConnectionTypes,
+	NodeOperationError,
+	updateDisplayOptions,
 } from 'n8n-workflow';
 
-import { cssVariables } from './cssVariables';
-import { renderFormCompletion } from './utils/formCompletionUtils';
-import { getFormTriggerNode, renderFormNode } from './utils/formNodeUtils';
-import { prepareFormReturnItem, resolveRawData } from './utils/utils';
 import { configureWaitTillDate } from '../../utils/sendAndWait/configureWaitTillDate.util';
 import { limitWaitTimeProperties } from '../../utils/sendAndWait/descriptions';
 import {
@@ -29,6 +24,10 @@ import {
 	formFieldsDynamic,
 	formTitle,
 } from '../Form/common.descriptions';
+import { cssVariables } from './cssVariables';
+import { renderFormCompletion } from './utils/formCompletionUtils';
+import { getFormTriggerNode, renderFormNode } from './utils/formNodeUtils';
+import { parseFormFields, prepareFormReturnItem } from './utils/utils';
 
 const waitTimeProperties: INodeProperties[] = [
 	{
@@ -366,20 +365,17 @@ export class Form extends Node {
 
 		let fields: FormFieldsParameter = [];
 		if (defineForm === 'json') {
-			try {
-				const jsonOutput = context.getNodeParameter('jsonOutput', '', {
-					rawExpressions: true,
-				}) as string;
-
-				fields = tryToParseJsonToFormFields(resolveRawData(context, jsonOutput));
-			} catch (error) {
-				throw new NodeOperationError(context.getNode(), error.message, {
-					description: error.message,
-					type: mode === 'test' ? 'manual-form-test' : undefined,
-				});
-			}
+			fields = parseFormFields(context, {
+				defineForm: 'json',
+				fieldsParameterName: 'jsonOutput',
+				mode,
+			});
 		} else {
-			fields = context.getNodeParameter('formFields.values', []) as FormFieldsParameter;
+			fields = parseFormFields(context, {
+				defineForm: 'fields',
+				fieldsParameterName: 'formFields.values',
+				mode,
+			});
 		}
 
 		const method = context.getRequestObject().method;

@@ -408,6 +408,83 @@ describe('Form Node', () => {
 			);
 		});
 
+		it.each(['json', 'fields'])(
+			'should evaluate expressions only once in %s mode, preserving nested braces',
+			async (defineForm) => {
+				const formFields = [
+					{
+						fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
+						fieldType: 'html',
+						elementName: 'test',
+						html: '<h2>Hello {{ $json.world }} </h2>',
+					},
+				];
+
+				const mockResponseObject = {
+					render: jest.fn(),
+					setHeader: jest.fn(),
+				};
+				mockWebhookFunctions.getResponseObject.mockReturnValue(
+					mockResponseObject as unknown as Response,
+				);
+				mockWebhookFunctions.getRequestObject.mockReturnValue({ method: 'GET' } as Request);
+				mockWebhookFunctions.getParentNodes.mockReturnValue([
+					{
+						type: 'n8n-nodes-base.formTrigger',
+						name: 'Form Trigger',
+						typeVersion: 2.1,
+						disabled: false,
+					},
+				]);
+				mockWebhookFunctions.evaluateExpression.mockImplementation((expression: string) => {
+					console.log('expression', expression);
+					if (expression.includes('formMode')) {
+						return 'test';
+					}
+					if (expression === '{{ $json.world }}') {
+						return "{{ 'World' }}";
+					}
+					if (expression === "{{ 'World' }}") {
+						fail('Should not be called');
+					}
+					return expression;
+				});
+				mockWebhookFunctions.getNode.mockReturnValue(mock<INode>());
+				mockWebhookFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+					if (paramName === 'operation') return 'page';
+					if (paramName === 'defineForm') return defineForm;
+					if (paramName === 'jsonOutput') return `=${JSON.stringify(formFields)}`;
+					if (paramName === 'formFields.values') return formFields;
+					if (paramName === 'options') {
+						return {
+							formTitle: 'Form Title',
+							formDescription: 'Form Description',
+							buttonLabel: 'Form Button',
+						};
+					}
+					return undefined;
+				});
+
+				mockWebhookFunctions.getChildNodes.mockReturnValue([]);
+
+				await form.webhook(mockWebhookFunctions);
+
+				expect(mockWebhookFunctions.evaluateExpression).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith("{{ 'World' }}");
+				expect(mockResponseObject.render).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+					'form-trigger',
+					expect.objectContaining({
+						formFields: expect.arrayContaining([
+							expect.objectContaining({
+								html: "<h2>Hello {{ 'World' }} </h2>",
+							}),
+						]),
+					}),
+				);
+			},
+		);
+	});
+
+	describe('webhook method - completion and redirect', () => {
 		it('should handle completion operation and redirect', async () => {
 			mockWebhookFunctions.getRequestObject.mockReturnValue({ method: 'GET' } as Request);
 			mockWebhookFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName) => {

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import {
 	addFormResponseDataToReturnItem,
 	validateSafeRedirectUrl,
 	handleNewlines,
+	parseFormFields,
 } from '../utils/utils';
 import { isIpAllowed } from '../../Webhook/utils';
 
@@ -2498,37 +2499,71 @@ describe('validateResponseModeConfiguration', () => {
 	});
 
 	describe('prepareFormFields', () => {
-		it('should resolve expressions in html fields', async () => {
-			webhookFunctions.evaluateExpression.mockImplementation((expression) => {
-				if (expression === '{{ $json.formMode }}') {
-					return 'Title';
-				}
+		it('should prepare hiddenField', async () => {
+			const result = prepareFormFields([
+				{
+					fieldLabel: '',
+					fieldName: 'test',
+					fieldType: 'hiddenField',
+				},
+			]);
+
+			expect(result[0]).toEqual({
+				fieldLabel: 'test',
+				fieldName: 'test',
+				fieldType: 'hiddenField',
 			});
+		});
 
-			const result = prepareFormFields(webhookFunctions, [
+		it('should sanitize html fields', async () => {
+			const result = prepareFormFields([
 				{
 					fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
 					fieldType: 'html',
 					elementName: 'test',
-					html: '<h1>{{ $json.formMode }}</h1>',
+					html: '<div>Safe content</div><script>alert("XSS")</script>',
 				},
 			]);
 
-			expect(result[0].html).toBe('<h1>Title</h1>');
+			expect(result[0].html).toBe('<div>Safe content</div>');
 		});
-		it('should prepare hiddenField', async () => {
-			const result = prepareFormFields(webhookFunctions, [
+
+		it('should not modify html fields when html is empty', async () => {
+			const result = prepareFormFields([
 				{
-					fieldLabel: '',
-					fieldName: 'test',
-					fieldType: 'hiddenField',
+					fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
+					fieldType: 'html',
+					elementName: 'test',
+					html: '',
+				},
+			]);
+
+			expect(result[0].html).toBe('');
+		});
+
+		it('should not modify html fields when html is undefined', async () => {
+			const result = prepareFormFields([
+				{
+					fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
+					fieldType: 'html',
+					elementName: 'test',
+				},
+			]);
+
+			expect(result[0].html).toBeUndefined();
+		});
+
+		it('should not process non-html fields', async () => {
+			const result = prepareFormFields([
+				{
+					fieldLabel: 'Text Field',
+					fieldType: 'text',
 				},
 			]);
 
 			expect(result[0]).toEqual({
-				fieldLabel: 'test',
-				fieldName: 'test',
-				fieldType: 'hiddenField',
+				fieldLabel: 'Text Field',
+				fieldType: 'text',
 			});
 		});
 	});
@@ -2875,3 +2910,137 @@ describe('handleNewlines', () => {
 		expect(result).toBe(expected);
 	});
 });
+
+describe('parseFormFields - HTML field expression resolution', () => {
+	let mockWebhookFunctions: ReturnType<typeof mock<IWebhookFunctions>>;
+
+	beforeEach(() => {
+		mockWebhookFunctions = mock<IWebhookFunctions>();
+	});
+
+	it('should resolve expressions in html fields', () => {
+		mockWebhookFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+			if (paramName === 'formFields.values') {
+				return [
+					{
+						fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
+						fieldType: 'html',
+						elementName: 'test',
+						html: '<h1>{{ $json.formMode }}</h1>',
+					},
+				];
+			}
+			return undefined;
+		});
+
+		mockWebhookFunctions.evaluateExpression.mockImplementation((expression: string) => {
+			if (expression === '{{ $json.formMode }}') {
+				return 'Title';
+			}
+			if (expression.includes('formMode')) {
+				return 'test';
+			}
+			return expression;
+		});
+
+		const result = parseFormFields(mockWebhookFunctions, {
+			defineForm: 'fields',
+			fieldsParameterName: 'formFields.values',
+		});
+
+		expect(mockWebhookFunctions.evaluateExpression).toHaveBeenCalledWith('{{ $json.formMode }}');
+		expect(result[0].html).toBe('<h1>Title</h1>');
+	});
+
+	it('should handle multiple expressions in html fields', () => {
+		mockWebhookFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+			if (paramName === 'formFields.values') {
+				return [
+					{
+						fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
+						fieldType: 'html',
+						elementName: 'test',
+						html: '<h1>{{ $json.title }}</h1><p>{{ $json.description }}</p>',
+					},
+				];
+			}
+			return undefined;
+		});
+
+		mockWebhookFunctions.evaluateExpression.mockImplementation((expression: string) => {
+			if (expression === '{{ $json.title }}') return 'Welcome';
+			if (expression === '{{ $json.description }}') return 'Please fill out the form';
+			if (expression.includes('formMode')) {
+				return 'test';
+			}
+			return expression;
+		});
+
+		const result = parseFormFields(mockWebhookFunctions, {
+			defineForm: 'fields',
+			fieldsParameterName: 'formFields.values',
+		});
+
+		expect(result[0].html).toBe('<h1>Welcome</h1><p>Please fill out the form</p>');
+	});
+
+	it('should not modify html fields without expressions', () => {
+		mockWebhookFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+			if (paramName === 'formFields.values') {
+				return [
+					{
+						fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
+						fieldType: 'html',
+						elementName: 'test',
+						html: '<h1>Static Title</h1>',
+					},
+				];
+			}
+			return undefined;
+		});
+
+		mockWebhookFunctions.evaluateExpression.mockImplementation((expression: string) => {
+			if (expression.includes('formMode')) {
+				return 'test';
+			}
+			return expression;
+		});
+
+		const result = parseFormFields(mockWebhookFunctions, {
+			defineForm: 'fields',
+			fieldsParameterName: 'formFields.values',
+		});
+
+		expect(result[0].html).toBe('<h1>Static Title</h1>');
+	});
+
+	it('should handle empty html fields', () => {
+		mockWebhookFunctions.getNodeParameter.mockImplementation((paramName: string) => {
+			if (paramName === 'formFields.values') {
+				return [
+					{
+						fieldLabel: 'Custom HTML',
+						fieldType: 'html',
+						elementName: 'test',
+						html: '',
+					},
+				];
+			}
+			return undefined;
+		});
+
+		mockWebhookFunctions.evaluateExpression.mockImplementation((expression: string) => {
+			if (expression.includes('formMode')) {
+				return 'test';
+			}
+			return expression;
+		});
+
+		const result = parseFormFields(mockWebhookFunctions, {
+			defineForm: 'fields',
+			fieldsParameterName: 'formFields.values',
+		});
+
+		expect(result[0].html).toBe('');
+	});
+});

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import {
 	jsonParse,
 	tryToParseUrl,
 	BINARY_MODE_COMBINED,
+	tryToParseJsonToFormFields,
 } from 'n8n-workflow';
 import * as a from 'node:assert';
 import sanitize from 'sanitize-html';
@@ -116,20 +117,11 @@ export const handleNewlines = (text: string) => {
 	return text.replace(/\\n|\\\\n/g, (match) => (match === '\\\\n' ? '\\n' : '\n'));
 };
 
-export const prepareFormFields = (context: IWebhookFunctions, fields: FormFieldsParameter) => {
+export const prepareFormFields = (fields: FormFieldsParameter) => {
 	return fields.map((field) => {
-		if (field.fieldType === 'html') {
-			let { html } = field;
-
-			if (!html) return field;
-
-			for (const resolvable of getResolvables(html)) {
-				html = html.replace(resolvable, context.evaluateExpression(resolvable) as string);
-			}
-
-			field.html = sanitizeHtml(html);
+		if (field.fieldType === 'html' && field.html) {
+			field.html = sanitizeHtml(field.html);
 		}
-
 		if (field.fieldType === 'hiddenField') {
 			field.fieldLabel = field.fieldName as string;
 		}
@@ -552,7 +544,7 @@ export function renderForm({
 		} catch (error) {}
 	}
 
-	formFields = prepareFormFields(context, formFields);
+	formFields = prepareFormFields(formFields);
 
 	const data = prepareFormData({
 		formTitle,
@@ -743,3 +735,38 @@ export function resolveRawData(context: IWebhookFunctions, rawData: string) {
 	}
 	return returnData;
 }
+
+type ParseFormFieldsOptions = {
+	defineForm: 'json' | 'fields';
+	fieldsParameterName: string;
+	mode?: 'test' | 'production';
+};
+export function parseFormFields(context: IWebhookFunctions, options: ParseFormFieldsOptions) {
+	let fields: FormFieldsParameter = [];
+	if (options.defineForm === 'json') {
+		try {
+			const jsonOutput = context.getNodeParameter(options.fieldsParameterName, '', {
+				rawExpressions: true,
+			}) as string;
+
+			fields = tryToParseJsonToFormFields(resolveRawData(context, jsonOutput));
+		} catch (error) {
+			throw new NodeOperationError(context.getNode(), error.message, {
+				description: error.message,
+				type: options.mode === 'test' ? 'manual-form-test' : undefined,
+			});
+		}
+	} else {
+		fields = context.getNodeParameter(options.fieldsParameterName, []) as FormFieldsParameter;
+		for (const field of fields) {
+			if (field.fieldType === 'html') {
+				let html = field.html ?? '';
+				for (const resolvable of getResolvables(html)) {
+					html = html.replace(resolvable, context.evaluateExpression(resolvable) as string);
+				}
+				field.html = html;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return fields;
+}

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import type { AlaSQLExtended } from '../../v3/actions/mode/combineBySql';
+import { disableUnsafeAccess, freezeAlasql } from '../../v3/actions/mode/combineBySql';
+
+describe('combineBySql security functions', () => {
+	describe('disableUnsafeAccess', () => {
+		it('should disable all file access operations on a fresh instance', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh AlaSQL instance for this test
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const mockAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			disableUnsafeAccess(mockAlasql);
+
+			// Test FROM handlers are disabled
+			const fromHandlers = ['FILE', 'JSON', 'CSV', 'XLSX', 'HTML'];
+			fromHandlers.forEach((handler) => {
+				if (mockAlasql.from?.[handler]) {
+					// @ts-expect-error - mockAlasql.from is of type Record<string, unknown>
+					expect(() => mockAlasql.from![handler]('test')).toThrow(
+						'File access operations are disabled for security reasons',
+					);
+				}
+			});
+
+			// Test INTO handlers are disabled
+			const intoHandlers = ['FILE', 'JSON', 'CSV', 'XLSX', 'HTML'];
+			intoHandlers.forEach((handler) => {
+				if (mockAlasql.into?.[handler]) {
+					// @ts-expect-error - mockAlasql.into is of type Record<string, unknown>
+					expect(() => mockAlasql.into![handler]('test')).toThrow(
+						'File access operations are disabled for security reasons',
+					);
+				}
+			});
+
+			// Test file-based database engines are disabled
+			const engines = ['FILE', 'FILESTORAGE', 'LOCALSTORAGE', 'INDEXEDDB', 'SQLITE'];
+			engines.forEach((engine) => {
+				if (mockAlasql.engines?.[engine]) {
+					// @ts-expect-error - mockAlasql.engines is of type Record<string, unknown>
+					expect(() => mockAlasql.engines![engine]('test')).toThrow(
+						'File access operations are disabled for security reasons',
+					);
+				}
+			});
+
+			// Test file system utility functions are disabled
+			const utils = [
+				'loadFile',
+				'loadBinaryFile',
+				'saveFile',
+				'removeFile',
+				'deleteFile',
+				'fileExists',
+				'require',
+			];
+			utils.forEach((util) => {
+				if (mockAlasql.utils?.[util]) {
+					// @ts-expect-error - mockAlasql.utils is of type Record<string, unknown>
+					expect(() => mockAlasql.utils![util]('test')).toThrow(
+						'File access operations are disabled for security reasons',
+					);
+				}
+			});
+
+			// Test fn handlers are disabled
+			const fnHandlers = ['FILE', 'JSON', 'TXT', 'CSV', 'XLSX', 'XLS', 'LOAD', 'SAVE', 'REQUIRE'];
+			fnHandlers.forEach((handler) => {
+				if (mockAlasql.fn?.[handler]) {
+					expect(() => mockAlasql.fn![handler]('test')).toThrow(
+						'File access operations are disabled for security reasons',
+					);
+				}
+			});
+
+			// Test that fn is frozen
+			expect(Object.isFrozen(mockAlasql.fn)).toBe(true);
+
+			// Test REQUIRE statement execution is disabled
+			if (mockAlasql.yy?.Require?.prototype?.execute) {
+				expect(() => mockAlasql.yy!.Require!.prototype!.execute!()).toThrow(
+					'File access operations are disabled for security reasons',
+				);
+			}
+		});
+
+		it('should handle missing optional properties gracefully', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh instance
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const baseAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			// Create a minimal mock that's missing some optional properties
+			const minimalAlasql = {
+				...baseAlasql,
+				from: undefined,
+				into: undefined,
+				engines: undefined,
+				utils: undefined,
+				fn: undefined,
+				yy: undefined,
+			} as unknown as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			// Should not throw when properties are missing
+			expect(() => disableUnsafeAccess(minimalAlasql)).not.toThrow();
+		});
+	});
+
+	describe('freezeAlasql', () => {
+		it('should freeze fn object', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh AlaSQL instance for this test
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const mockAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			freezeAlasql(mockAlasql);
+
+			expect(Object.isFrozen(mockAlasql.fn)).toBe(true);
+		});
+
+		it('should freeze yy object if present', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh AlaSQL instance for this test
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const mockAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			freezeAlasql(mockAlasql);
+
+			if (mockAlasql.yy) {
+				expect(Object.isFrozen(mockAlasql.yy)).toBe(true);
+			}
+		});
+
+		it('should prevent modifications to fn after freezing', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh AlaSQL instance for this test
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const mockAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			freezeAlasql(mockAlasql);
+
+			expect(() => {
+				(mockAlasql.fn as Record<string, unknown>).newFunction = () => {};
+			}).toThrow();
+		});
+
+		it('should prevent modifications to yy after freezing', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh AlaSQL instance for this test
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const mockAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			freezeAlasql(mockAlasql);
+
+			if (mockAlasql.yy) {
+				expect(() => {
+					(mockAlasql.yy as Record<string, unknown>).newProperty = {};
+				}).toThrow();
+			}
+		});
+
+		it('should handle missing yy object gracefully', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh AlaSQL instance for this test
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const baseAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			// Create a mock without yy property
+			const mockAlasql = {
+				...baseAlasql,
+				yy: undefined,
+			} as unknown as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			// Should not throw when yy is missing
+			expect(() => freezeAlasql(mockAlasql)).not.toThrow();
+			expect(Object.isFrozen(mockAlasql.fn)).toBe(true);
+		});
+
+		it('should freeze both fn and yy in one call', async () => {
+			// Load a fresh AlaSQL instance for this test
+			const alasqlModule = await import('alasql');
+			const mockAlasql = (alasqlModule.default || alasqlModule) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+			freezeAlasql(mockAlasql);
+
+			// Verify both are frozen after calling freezeAlasql
+			expect(Object.isFrozen(mockAlasql.fn)).toBe(true);
+			if (mockAlasql.yy) {
+				expect(Object.isFrozen(mockAlasql.yy)).toBe(true);
+			}
+		});
+	});
+});

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { Container } from '@n8n/di';
-import alasqlImport from 'alasql';
 import { ErrorReporter } from 'n8n-core';
 
 import type {
@@ -16,25 +15,43 @@ import { getResolvables, updateDisplayOptions } from '@utils/utilities';
 import { numberInputsProperty } from '../../helpers/descriptions';
 import { modifySelectQuery, rowToExecutionData } from '../../helpers/utils';
 
-type AlaSQLBase = typeof alasqlImport;
-type AlaSQLExtended = AlaSQLBase & {
+// Type for AlaSQL - use type-only import to avoid runtime import
+// We import the type statically for type checking, but use dynamic import at runtime
+import type AlasqlType from 'alasql';
+type AlaSQLBase = typeof AlasqlType;
+export type AlaSQLExtended = AlaSQLBase & {
 	// Access `engines` internal structure to override file access engines
 	engines?: Record<string, unknown>;
 	// Access `into` handlers to override file write operations
 	into?: Record<string, unknown>;
 	// Access `utils` for utility functions
 	utils?: Record<string, unknown>;
+	// Access `yy` for statement types like REQUIRE
+	yy?: {
+		Require?: {
+			prototype?: {
+				execute?: (...args: unknown[]) => unknown;
+			};
+		};
+		[key: string]: unknown;
+	};
 	// Fix Database constructor typing
 	Database: AlaSQLBase['Database'] & { new (databaseId: string): AlaSQLBase['Database'] };
 };
 
-const alasql = alasqlImport as AlaSQLExtended;
+// Cache for the loaded and secured alasql instance
+let cachedAlaSql: AlaSQLExtended | null = null;
 
-function disableAlasqlFileAccess() {
-	const disabledFunction = () => {
-		throw new Error('File access operations are disabled for security reasons');
-	};
+// Export for testing - allows resetting the cache
+export function resetAlaSqlCache() {
+	cachedAlaSql = null;
+}
+
+const disabledFunction = () => {
+	throw new Error('File access operations are disabled for security reasons');
+};
 
+export function disableUnsafeAccess(alasql: AlaSQLExtended) {
 	// Block ALL FROM handlers that can read files or external resources
 	if (alasql.from) {
 		const fromHandlers = [
@@ -109,15 +126,60 @@ function disableAlasqlFileAccess() {
 		alasql.utils.removeFile = disabledFunction;
 		alasql.utils.deleteFile = disabledFunction;
 		alasql.utils.fileExists = disabledFunction;
+		alasql.utils.require = disabledFunction;
 	}
 
 	// Block fn handlers if present
 	if (alasql.fn) {
-		const fnHandlers = ['FILE', 'JSON', 'TXT', 'CSV', 'XLSX', 'XLS', 'LOAD', 'SAVE'];
+		const fnHandlers = ['FILE', 'JSON', 'TXT', 'CSV', 'XLSX', 'XLS', 'LOAD', 'SAVE', 'REQUIRE'];
 		fnHandlers.forEach((handler) => {
 			alasql.fn[handler] = disabledFunction;
 		});
+		alasql.fn = Object.freeze(alasql.fn);
 	}
+
+	if (alasql.yy) {
+		alasql.yy.JavaScript = disabledFunction;
+	}
+
+	// Block REQUIRE statement execution
+	// REQUIRE is a statement type (like SELECT, INSERT) that can load and execute arbitrary code
+	// We need to override yy.Require.prototype.execute before freezing
+	// The yy object contains statement constructors and is accessible via alasql.yy
+	if (alasql.yy?.Require?.prototype) {
+		alasql.yy.Require.prototype.execute = disabledFunction;
+	}
+}
+
+export function freezeAlasql(alasql: AlaSQLExtended) {
+	/*
+	 * we freeze these elements of alasql to avoid users being able to create new functions as part of an execution
+	 * by creating and immediately executing functions with CREATE FUNCTION or with AGGREGATE manipulation.
+	 */
+	alasql.fn = Object.freeze(alasql.fn);
+	if (alasql.yy) {
+		alasql.yy = Object.freeze(alasql.yy);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Lazy loads AlaSQL, disables file access, and freezes it in one go.
+ * This ensures AlaSQL is only loaded when needed and is immediately secured.
+ */
+export async function loadAlaSql(): Promise<AlaSQLExtended> {
+	if (cachedAlaSql) {
+		return cachedAlaSql;
+	}
+
+	const alasqlImport = await import('alasql');
+	const alasql = (alasqlImport.default || alasqlImport) as AlaSQLExtended;
+
+	disableUnsafeAccess(alasql);
+	freezeAlasql(alasql);
+
+	cachedAlaSql = alasql;
+
+	return alasql;
 }
 
 type OperationOptions = {
@@ -200,6 +262,7 @@ async function executeSelectWithMappedPairedItems(
 	inputsData: INodeExecutionData[][],
 	query: string,
 	returnSuccessItemIfEmpty: boolean,
+	alasql: AlaSQLExtended,
 ): Promise<INodeExecutionData[][]> {
 	const returnData: INodeExecutionData[] = [];
 
@@ -250,7 +313,8 @@ export async function execute(
 	this: IExecuteFunctions,
 	inputsData: INodeExecutionData[][],
 ): Promise<INodeExecutionData[][]> {
-	disableAlasqlFileAccess();
+	// Lazy load AlaSQL, disable file access, and freeze it
+	const alasql = await loadAlaSql();
 
 	const node = this.getNode();
 	const returnData: INodeExecutionData[] = [];
@@ -274,6 +338,7 @@ export async function execute(
 				inputsData,
 				query,
 				returnSuccessItemIfEmpty,
+				alasql,
 			);
 		} catch (error) {
 			Container.get(ErrorReporter).error(error, {

@@ -1,19 +1,23 @@
 import isbot from 'isbot';
 import { getWebhookSandboxCSP } from 'n8n-core';
-import {
-	NodeOperationError,
-	SEND_AND_WAIT_OPERATION,
-	tryToParseJsonToFormFields,
-	updateDisplayOptions,
-} from 'n8n-workflow';
 import type {
-	INodeProperties,
+	FormFieldsParameter,
+	IDataObject,
 	IExecuteFunctions,
+	INodeProperties,
 	IWebhookFunctions,
-	IDataObject,
-	FormFieldsParameter,
 } from 'n8n-workflow';
+import { NodeOperationError, SEND_AND_WAIT_OPERATION, updateDisplayOptions } from 'n8n-workflow';
 
+import { cssVariables } from '../../nodes/Form/cssVariables';
+import { formFieldsProperties } from '../../nodes/Form/Form.node';
+import {
+	parseFormFields,
+	prepareFormData,
+	prepareFormFields,
+	prepareFormReturnItem,
+} from '../../nodes/Form/utils/utils';
+import { escapeHtml } from '../utilities';
 import { limitWaitTimeOption } from './descriptions';
 import {
 	ACTION_RECORDED_PAGE,
@@ -23,15 +27,6 @@ import {
 	createEmailBodyWithoutN8nAttribution,
 } from './email-templates';
 import type { IEmail } from './interfaces';
-import { cssVariables } from '../../nodes/Form/cssVariables';
-import { formFieldsProperties } from '../../nodes/Form/Form.node';
-import {
-	prepareFormData,
-	prepareFormFields,
-	prepareFormReturnItem,
-	resolveRawData,
-} from '../../nodes/Form/utils/utils';
-import { escapeHtml } from '../utilities';
 
 export type SendAndWaitConfig = {
 	title: string;
@@ -400,26 +395,22 @@ export async function sendAndWaitWebhook(this: IWebhookFunctions) {
 		let fields: FormFieldsParameter = [];
 
 		if (defineForm === 'json') {
-			try {
-				const jsonOutput = this.getNodeParameter('jsonOutput', '', {
-					rawExpressions: true,
-				}) as string;
-
-				fields = tryToParseJsonToFormFields(resolveRawData(this, jsonOutput));
-			} catch (error) {
-				throw new NodeOperationError(this.getNode(), error.message, {
-					description: error.message,
-				});
-			}
+			fields = parseFormFields(this, {
+				defineForm: 'json',
+				fieldsParameterName: 'jsonOutput',
+			});
 		} else {
-			fields = this.getNodeParameter('formFields.values', []) as FormFieldsParameter;
+			fields = parseFormFields(this, {
+				defineForm: 'fields',
+				fieldsParameterName: 'formFields.values',
+			});
 		}
 
 		if (method === 'GET') {
 			const { formTitle, formDescription, buttonLabel, customCss } =
 				getFormResponseCustomizations(this);
 
-			fields = prepareFormFields(this, fields);
+			fields = prepareFormFields(fields);
 
 			const data = prepareFormData({
 				formTitle,

@@ -17,10 +17,69 @@ const DATA_NODE_NAME = '___n8n_data';
 
 const RESERVED_VARIABLE_NAMES = new Set([DATA_NODE_NAME, sanitizerName]);
 
+type AstNode = { type: string } & Record<string, unknown>;
+
+const isAstNode = (value: unknown): value is AstNode =>
+	typeof value === 'object' && value !== null && 'type' in value && typeof value.type === 'string';
+
+const getBoundIdentifiers = (node: unknown, acc: string[] = []): string[] => {
+	if (!isAstNode(node)) return acc;
+
+	switch (node.type) {
+		case 'Identifier': {
+			if (typeof node.name === 'string') acc.push(node.name);
+			break;
+		}
+		case 'ObjectPattern': {
+			if (!Array.isArray(node.properties)) break;
+			for (const property of node.properties) {
+				if (!isAstNode(property)) continue;
+				if (property.type === 'Property') {
+					getBoundIdentifiers(property.value, acc);
+				} else if (property.type === 'RestElement') {
+					getBoundIdentifiers(property.argument, acc);
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		case 'ArrayPattern': {
+			if (!Array.isArray(node.elements)) break;
+			for (const element of node.elements) {
+				getBoundIdentifiers(element, acc);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		case 'AssignmentPattern': {
+			getBoundIdentifiers(node.left, acc);
+			break;
+		}
+		case 'RestElement': {
+			getBoundIdentifiers(node.argument, acc);
+			break;
+		}
+		case 'VariableDeclaration': {
+			if (!Array.isArray(node.declarations)) break;
+			for (const declaration of node.declarations) {
+				if (!isAstNode(declaration) || declaration.type !== 'VariableDeclarator') continue;
+				getBoundIdentifiers(declaration.id, acc);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return acc;
+};
+
+const getReservedIdentifier = (node: unknown): string | undefined =>
+	getBoundIdentifiers(node).find((name) => RESERVED_VARIABLE_NAMES.has(name));
+
 export const DOLLAR_SIGN_ERROR = 'Cannot access "$" without calling it as a function';
 
 const EMPTY_CONTEXT = b.objectExpression([
 	b.property('init', b.identifier('process'), b.objectExpression([])),
+	b.property('init', b.identifier('require'), b.objectExpression([])),
+	b.property('init', b.identifier('module'), b.objectExpression([])),
+	b.property('init', b.identifier('Buffer'), b.objectExpression([])),
 ]);
 
 const SAFE_GLOBAL = b.objectExpression([]);
@@ -70,6 +129,8 @@ const isValidDollarPropertyAccess = (expr: unknown): boolean => {
 
 const GLOBAL_IDENTIFIERS = new Set(['globalThis']);
 
+const BLOCKED_SPREAD_GLOBALS = new Set(['process', 'global', 'globalThis', 'Buffer']);
+
 /**
  * Prevents regular functions from binding their `this` to the Node.js global.
  */
@@ -247,24 +308,75 @@ const blockedBaseClasses = new Set([
 	'AsyncGeneratorFunction',
 ]);
 
+/**
+ * Builds an AST node that safely resolves a spread argument like `...process`.
+ *
+ * Tournament's VariablePolyfill rewrites plain identifiers (e.g. `process`)
+ * to look them up from the data context, but it does NOT handle identifiers
+ * inside SpreadElement / SpreadProperty nodes. Without this fix, `{...process}`
+ * would resolve to the real Node.js `process` object.
+ *
+ * The generated code checks the data context first, falling back to a throw:
+ *
+ *   ("process" in data) ? data.process : (() => { throw new Error("...") })()
+ *
+ * - If the workflow has a variable called "process" → spread that (safe, user-defined)
+ * - Otherwise → throw at runtime, blocking access to the real global
+ */
+const buildSafeSpreadArg = (name: string, dataNode: Parameters<ASTAfterHook>[1]) => {
+	// "process" in ___n8n_data
+	const isInDataContext = b.binaryExpression('in', b.literal(name), dataNode);
+
+	// ___n8n_data.process
+	const readFromDataContext = b.memberExpression(dataNode, b.identifier(name));
+
+	// (() => { throw new Error('Cannot spread "process" ...') })()
+	//
+	// This is an IIFE because `throw` is a statement, not an expression,
+	// so it cannot appear directly inside a ternary's falsy branch.
+	const throwSecurityError = b.callExpression(
+		b.arrowFunctionExpression(
+			[],
+			b.blockStatement([
+				b.throwStatement(
+					b.newExpression(b.identifier('Error'), [
+						b.literal(`Cannot spread "${name}" due to security concerns`),
+					]),
+				),
+			]),
+		),
+		[],
+	);
+
+	// Full result:
+	//   ("process" in ___n8n_data) ? ___n8n_data.process : (() => { throw ... })()
+	return b.conditionalExpression(isInDataContext, readFromDataContext, throwSecurityError);
+};
+
 export const PrototypeSanitizer: ASTAfterHook = (ast, dataNode) => {
 	astVisit(ast, {
 		visitVariableDeclarator(path) {
 			this.traverse(path);
 			const node = path.node;
 
-			if (node.id.type === 'Identifier' && RESERVED_VARIABLE_NAMES.has(node.id.name)) {
-				throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(node.id.name);
-			}
+			const reservedIdentifier = getReservedIdentifier(node.id);
+			if (reservedIdentifier === undefined) return;
+			throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(reservedIdentifier);
 		},
 
 		visitFunction(path) {
 			this.traverse(path);
 			const node = path.node;
 
+			const functionName = getReservedIdentifier(node.id);
+			if (functionName !== undefined) {
+				throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(functionName);
+			}
+
 			for (const param of node.params) {
-				if (param.type === 'Identifier' && RESERVED_VARIABLE_NAMES.has(param.name)) {
-					throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(param.name);
+				const paramName = getReservedIdentifier(param);
+				if (paramName !== undefined) {
+					throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(paramName);
 				}
 			}
 		},
@@ -273,29 +385,87 @@ export const PrototypeSanitizer: ASTAfterHook = (ast, dataNode) => {
 			this.traverse(path);
 			const node = path.node;
 
-			if (node.param?.type === 'Identifier' && RESERVED_VARIABLE_NAMES.has(node.param.name)) {
-				throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(node.param.name);
-			}
+			const catchParamName = getReservedIdentifier(node.param);
+			if (catchParamName === undefined) return;
+			throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(catchParamName);
 		},
 
 		visitClassDeclaration(path) {
 			this.traverse(path);
 			const node = path.node;
 
-			if (node.superClass?.type === 'Identifier' && blockedBaseClasses.has(node.superClass.name)) {
-				throw new ExpressionClassExtensionError(node.superClass.name);
+			const className = getReservedIdentifier(node.id);
+			if (className !== undefined) {
+				throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(className);
+			}
+
+			if (node.superClass) {
+				if (node.superClass.type === 'Identifier') {
+					if (blockedBaseClasses.has(node.superClass.name)) {
+						throw new ExpressionClassExtensionError(node.superClass.name);
+					}
+				} else {
+					throw new ExpressionError('Cannot use dynamic class extension due to security concerns');
+				}
 			}
 		},
 
 		visitClassExpression(path) {
 			this.traverse(path);
 			const node = path.node;
 
-			if (node.superClass?.type === 'Identifier' && blockedBaseClasses.has(node.superClass.name)) {
-				throw new ExpressionClassExtensionError(node.superClass.name);
+			const className = getReservedIdentifier(node.id);
+			if (className !== undefined) {
+				throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(className);
+			}
+
+			if (node.superClass) {
+				if (node.superClass.type === 'Identifier') {
+					if (blockedBaseClasses.has(node.superClass.name)) {
+						throw new ExpressionClassExtensionError(node.superClass.name);
+					}
+				} else {
+					throw new ExpressionError('Cannot use dynamic class extension due to security concerns');
+				}
 			}
 		},
 
+		visitAssignmentExpression(path) {
+			this.traverse(path);
+			const node = path.node;
+
+			const assignedIdentifier = getReservedIdentifier(node.left);
+			if (assignedIdentifier === undefined) return;
+			throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(assignedIdentifier);
+		},
+
+		visitUpdateExpression(path) {
+			this.traverse(path);
+			const node = path.node;
+
+			const updatedIdentifier = getReservedIdentifier(node.argument);
+			if (updatedIdentifier === undefined) return;
+			throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(updatedIdentifier);
+		},
+
+		visitForOfStatement(path) {
+			this.traverse(path);
+			const node = path.node;
+
+			const loopBinding = getReservedIdentifier(node.left);
+			if (loopBinding === undefined) return;
+			throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(loopBinding);
+		},
+
+		visitForInStatement(path) {
+			this.traverse(path);
+			const node = path.node;
+
+			const loopBinding = getReservedIdentifier(node.left);
+			if (loopBinding === undefined) return;
+			throw new ExpressionReservedVariableError(loopBinding);
+		},
+
 		visitMemberExpression(path) {
 			this.traverse(path);
 			const node = path.node;
@@ -360,6 +530,24 @@ export const PrototypeSanitizer: ASTAfterHook = (ast, dataNode) => {
 			}
 		},
 
+		visitSpreadElement(path) {
+			this.traverse(path);
+			const { argument } = path.node;
+			if (argument.type === 'Identifier' && BLOCKED_SPREAD_GLOBALS.has(argument.name)) {
+				// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-member-access, @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+				(path.node as any).argument = buildSafeSpreadArg(argument.name, dataNode);
+			}
+		},
+
+		visitSpreadProperty(path) {
+			this.traverse(path);
+			const { argument } = path.node;
+			if (argument.type === 'Identifier' && BLOCKED_SPREAD_GLOBALS.has(argument.name)) {
+				// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-member-access, @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any
+				(path.node as any).argument = buildSafeSpreadArg(argument.name, dataNode);
+			}
+		},
+
 		visitWithStatement() {
 			throw new ExpressionWithStatementError();
 		},

@@ -190,8 +190,18 @@ export class Expression {
 		data.uneval = {};
 		data.setTimeout = {};
 		data.setInterval = {};
+		data.setImmediate = {};
+		data.clearImmediate = {};
+		data.queueMicrotask = {};
 		data.Function = {};
 
+		// Prevent Node.js module access
+		data.require = {};
+		data.module = {};
+		data.Buffer = {};
+		data.__dirname = {};
+		data.__filename = {};
+
 		// Prevent requests
 		data.fetch = {};
 		data.XMLHttpRequest = {};

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { objectExtensions } from './object-extensions';
 import { stringExtensions } from './string-extensions';
 import { checkIfValueDefinedOrThrow } from './utils';
 import { ExpressionExtensionError } from '../errors/expression-extension.error';
+import { isSafeObjectProperty } from '../utils';
 
 const EXPRESSION_EXTENDER = 'extend';
 const EXPRESSION_EXTENDER_OPTIONAL = 'extendOptional';
@@ -454,26 +455,36 @@ interface FoundFunction {
 }
 
 function findExtendedFunction(input: unknown, functionName: string): FoundFunction | undefined {
+	// Coerce to string early so the name is stable for the property check below
+	const name = typeof functionName === 'string' ? functionName : String(functionName);
+
+	// Ensure the property name is in the allowed set before looking it up
+	if (!isSafeObjectProperty(name)) {
+		throw new ExpressionExtensionError(
+			`Cannot access "${name}" via expression extension due to security concerns`,
+		);
+	}
+
 	// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-restricted-types
 	let foundFunction: Function | undefined;
 	if (Array.isArray(input)) {
-		foundFunction = arrayExtensions.functions[functionName];
-	} else if (isDate(input) && functionName !== 'toDate' && functionName !== 'toDateTime') {
+		foundFunction = arrayExtensions.functions[name];
+	} else if (isDate(input) && name !== 'toDate' && name !== 'toDateTime') {
 		// If it's a string date (from $json), convert it to a Date object,
 		// unless that function is `toDate`, since `toDate` does something
 		// very different on date objects
 		input = new Date(input as string);
-		foundFunction = dateExtensions.functions[functionName];
+		foundFunction = dateExtensions.functions[name];
 	} else if (typeof input === 'string') {
-		foundFunction = stringExtensions.functions[functionName];
+		foundFunction = stringExtensions.functions[name];
 	} else if (typeof input === 'number') {
-		foundFunction = numberExtensions.functions[functionName];
+		foundFunction = numberExtensions.functions[name];
 	} else if (input && (DateTime.isDateTime(input) || input instanceof Date)) {
-		foundFunction = dateExtensions.functions[functionName];
+		foundFunction = dateExtensions.functions[name];
 	} else if (input !== null && typeof input === 'object') {
-		foundFunction = objectExtensions.functions[functionName];
+		foundFunction = objectExtensions.functions[name];
 	} else if (typeof input === 'boolean') {
-		foundFunction = booleanExtensions.functions[functionName];
+		foundFunction = booleanExtensions.functions[name];
 	}
 
 	// Look for generic or builtin
@@ -482,13 +493,13 @@ function findExtendedFunction(input: unknown, functionName: string): FoundFuncti
 		const inputAny: any = input;
 		// This is likely a builtin we're implementing for another type
 		// (e.g. toLocaleString). We'll return that instead
-		if (inputAny && functionName && typeof inputAny[functionName] === 'function') {
+		if (inputAny && name && typeof inputAny[name] === 'function') {
 			// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-assignment
-			return { type: 'native', function: inputAny[functionName] };
+			return { type: 'native', function: inputAny[name] };
 		}
 
 		// Use a generic version if available
-		foundFunction = genericExtensions[functionName];
+		foundFunction = genericExtensions[name];
 	}
 
 	if (!foundFunction) {

@@ -1279,6 +1279,7 @@ export interface IWebhookFunctions extends FunctionsBaseWithRequiredKeys<'getMod
 	getRequestObject(): express.Request;
 	getResponseObject(): express.Response;
 	getWebhookName(): string;
+	validateCookieAuth(cookieValue: string): Promise<void>;
 	nodeHelpers: NodeHelperFunctions;
 	helpers: RequestHelperFunctions & BaseHelperFunctions & BinaryHelperFunctions;
 }
@@ -2922,6 +2923,7 @@ export interface IWorkflowExecuteAdditionalData {
 		executeData?: IExecuteData,
 	): Promise<Result<T, E>>;
 	getRunnerStatus?(taskType: string): { available: true } | { available: false; reason?: string };
+	validateCookieAuth?: (cookieValue: string) => Promise<void>;
 }
 
 export type WorkflowActivateMode =

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import get from 'lodash/get';
 import isEqual from 'lodash/isEqual';
 
 import { EXECUTE_WORKFLOW_NODE_TYPE, WORKFLOW_TOOL_LANGCHAIN_NODE_TYPE } from './constants';
+import { isExpression } from './expressions/expression-helpers';
 import { NodeConnectionTypes } from './interfaces';
 import type {
 	FieldType,
@@ -790,6 +791,15 @@ export function getNodeParameters(
 				nodeParametersFull[nodeProperties.name] = nodeParameters[nodeProperties.name];
 				continue;
 			}
+
+			// Strip expression prefix if noDataExpression is true
+			if (nodeProperties.noDataExpression && nodeParameters[nodeProperties.name] !== undefined) {
+				const value = nodeParameters[nodeProperties.name];
+				if (isExpression(value)) {
+					nodeParameters[nodeProperties.name] = value.slice(1);
+					nodeParametersFull[nodeProperties.name] = nodeParameters[nodeProperties.name];
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
 		if (onlySimpleTypes) {

@@ -372,12 +372,19 @@ const unsafeObjectProperties = new Set([
 	'getPrototypeOf',
 	'mainModule',
 	'binding',
+	'_linkedBinding',
 	'_load',
 	'prepareStackTrace',
 	'__lookupGetter__',
 	'__lookupSetter__',
 	'__defineGetter__',
 	'__defineSetter__',
+	'caller',
+	'arguments',
+	'getBuiltinModule',
+	'dlopen',
+	'execve',
+	'loadEnvFile',
 ]);
 
 /**

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 	ExpressionClassExtensionError,
 	ExpressionComputedDestructuringError,
 	ExpressionDestructuringError,
+	ExpressionError,
 	ExpressionWithStatementError,
 } from '../src/errors';
 
@@ -100,6 +101,36 @@ describe('PrototypeSanitizer', () => {
 			}).toThrowError(errorRegex);
 		});
 
+		it.each([
+			['dot notation', '{{ (()=>{}).caller }}'],
+			['bracket notation', '{{ (()=>{})["caller"] }}'],
+		])('should not allow access to caller via %s', (_, expression) => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(expression, { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(errorRegex);
+		});
+
+		it.each([
+			['dot notation', '{{ (()=>{}).arguments }}'],
+			['bracket notation', '{{ (()=>{})["arguments"] }}'],
+		])('should not allow access to arguments via %s', (_, expression) => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(expression, { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(errorRegex);
+		});
+
+		it.each([
+			['getBuiltinModule', '{{ ({}).getBuiltinModule }}'],
+			['_linkedBinding', '{{ ({})._linkedBinding }}'],
+			['dlopen', '{{ ({}).dlopen }}'],
+			['execve', '{{ ({}).execve }}'],
+			['loadEnvFile', '{{ ({}).loadEnvFile }}'],
+		])('should not allow access to %s', (_, expression) => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(expression, { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(errorRegex);
+		});
+
 		describe('Dollar sign identifier handling', () => {
 			it('should not allow bare $ identifier', () => {
 				expect(() => {
@@ -266,6 +297,22 @@ describe('PrototypeSanitizer', () => {
 			}).toThrowError(errorRegex);
 		});
 
+		it('should not allow access to caller via concatenation', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ (()=>{})["cal" + "ler"] }}', {
+					__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				});
+			}).toThrowError(errorRegex);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow access to arguments via concatenation', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ (()=>{})["arg" + "uments"] }}', {
+					__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				});
+			}).toThrowError(errorRegex);
+		});
+
 		describe('Array-based property access bypass attempts', () => {
 			it('should not allow access to __proto__ via array', () => {
 				expect(() => {
@@ -381,6 +428,51 @@ describe('PrototypeSanitizer', () => {
 				});
 			}).not.toThrow();
 		});
+
+		it('should not allow class extending via CallExpression bypass', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(
+					'{{ (() => { class Z extends (() => Function)() {} return new Z("return 1")(); })() }}',
+					{ __sanitize: sanitizer, Function },
+				);
+			}).toThrowError(ExpressionError);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow class expression extending via CallExpression bypass', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(
+					'{{ (() => { const Z = class extends (() => Function)() {}; return new Z("return 1")(); })() }}',
+					{ __sanitize: sanitizer, Function },
+				);
+			}).toThrowError(ExpressionError);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow class extending via ConditionalExpression bypass', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(
+					'{{ (() => { class Z extends (true ? Function : Object) {} return new Z("return 1")(); })() }}',
+					{ __sanitize: sanitizer, Function, Object },
+				);
+			}).toThrowError(ExpressionError);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow class extending via SequenceExpression bypass', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(
+					'{{ (() => { class Z extends (0, Function) {} return new Z("return 1")(); })() }}',
+					{ __sanitize: sanitizer, Function },
+				);
+			}).toThrowError(ExpressionError);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow class extending via LogicalExpression bypass', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(
+					'{{ (() => { class Z extends (Function || Object) {} return new Z("return 1")(); })() }}',
+					{ __sanitize: sanitizer, Function, Object },
+				);
+			}).toThrowError(ExpressionError);
+		});
 	});
 
 	describe('Destructuring patterns', () => {
@@ -442,6 +534,22 @@ describe('PrototypeSanitizer', () => {
 			}).toThrowError(ExpressionDestructuringError);
 		});
 
+		it('should not allow destructuring caller', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ (() => { const {caller} = ()=>{}; return caller; })() }}', {
+					__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				});
+			}).toThrowError(ExpressionDestructuringError);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow destructuring arguments', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ (() => { const {arguments: a} = function(){}; return a; })() }}', {
+					__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				});
+			}).toThrowError(ExpressionDestructuringError);
+		});
+
 		it('should allow destructuring safe properties', () => {
 			const result = tournament.execute(
 				'{{ (() => { const {name, value} = {name: "test", value: 42}; return name + value; })() }}',
@@ -474,6 +582,144 @@ describe('PrototypeSanitizer', () => {
 		});
 	});
 
+	describe('Spread-based global access', () => {
+		it('should not allow spreading process', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ ((g) => g.getBuiltinModule)(({...process})) }}', {
+					__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				});
+			}).toThrowError(/due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading process in object literal', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ ({...process}) }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "process" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading process in array', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ [...process] }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "process" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading global', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ ({...global}) }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "global" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading Buffer', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ ({...Buffer}) }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "Buffer" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow the exact RCE PoC payload', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute(
+					"{{ ((g) => g.getBuiltinModule('child_process').execSync('id').toString())({...process}) }}",
+					{ __sanitize: sanitizer },
+				);
+			}).toThrowError(/due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading process in function call arguments', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ ((a, b) => a)(...process) }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "process" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading process inside arrow function', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ (() => ({...process}))() }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "process" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading process in nested spread', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ ({...({...process})}) }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "process" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading process in template expression', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				// eslint-disable-next-line n8n-local-rules/no-interpolation-in-regular-string
+				tournament.execute('{{ `${JSON.stringify({...process})}` }}', {
+					__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				});
+			}).toThrow();
+		});
+
+		it('should not allow spreading process among other spreads', () => {
+			expect(() => {
+				tournament.execute('{{ ({...{a:1}, ...process}) }}', { __sanitize: sanitizer });
+			}).toThrowError(/Cannot spread "process" due to security concerns/);
+		});
+
+		it('should resolve spread from data context process, not the real one', () => {
+			const result = tournament.execute('{{ ({...process}).safe }}', {
+				__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				process: { safe: true },
+			});
+			expect(result).toBe(true);
+		});
+
+		it('should not expose real process.version via spread', () => {
+			const result = tournament.execute('{{ typeof ({...process}).version }}', {
+				__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				process: {},
+			});
+			expect(result).toBe('undefined');
+		});
+
+		it('should use data context pid via spread, not real pid', () => {
+			const result = tournament.execute('{{ ({...process}).pid }}', {
+				__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				process: { pid: -1 },
+			});
+			expect(result).toBe(-1);
+		});
+
+		it('should use data context when spread is wrapped in arrow function', () => {
+			const result = tournament.execute('{{ ((g) => g.pid)({...process}) }}', {
+				__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				process: { pid: -1 },
+			});
+			expect(result).toBe(-1);
+		});
+
+		it('should not give access to real process.exit via spread', () => {
+			const result = tournament.execute('{{ typeof ({...process}).exit }}', {
+				__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				process: {},
+			});
+			expect(result).not.toBe('function');
+		});
+
+		it('should not give access to real process.env via spread', () => {
+			const result = tournament.execute('{{ typeof ({...process}).env }}', {
+				__sanitize: sanitizer,
+				process: {},
+			});
+			expect(result).not.toBe('object');
+		});
+
+		it('should not give access to getBuiltinModule via spread', () => {
+			let result: unknown;
+			try {
+				result = tournament.execute('{{ typeof ({...process}).getBuiltinModule }}', {
+					__sanitize: sanitizer,
+					process: {},
+				});
+			} catch {
+				// Blocked by PrototypeSanitizer — also a valid outcome
+				return;
+			}
+			expect(result).not.toBe('function');
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('`with` statement', () => {
 		it('should not allow `with` statements', () => {
 			expect(() => {
@@ -713,7 +959,7 @@ describe('ThisSanitizer', () => {
 			const result = tournament.execute('{{ (() => this)() }}', {
 				__sanitize: sanitizer,
 			});
-			expect(result).toEqual({ process: {} });
+			expect(result).toEqual({ process: {}, require: {}, module: {}, Buffer: {} });
 		});
 
 		it('should block process.env access via this in arrow functions', () => {
@@ -728,7 +974,7 @@ describe('ThisSanitizer', () => {
 			const result = tournament.execute('{{ (() => (() => this)())() }}', {
 				__sanitize: sanitizer,
 			});
-			expect(result).toEqual({ process: {} });
+			expect(result).toEqual({ process: {}, require: {}, module: {}, Buffer: {} });
 		});
 
 		it('should block this?.process?.env access pattern', () => {

@@ -366,9 +366,8 @@ describe('Expression', () => {
 					return new Error().stack;
 				})()}}`;
 
-				// Attack is blocked - calling undefined() throws, result is undefined
-				const result = evaluate(payload);
-				expect(result).toBeUndefined();
+				// Attack is blocked - make sure it throws
+				expect(() => evaluate(payload)).toThrowError(/due to security concerns/);
 			});
 
 			it('should block __defineGetter__ bypass attack', () => {
@@ -507,30 +506,248 @@ describe('Expression', () => {
 				expect(() => evaluate(payload)).toThrow();
 			});
 
-			it('should block `___n8n_data` shadowing attempt', () => {
-				const payload = `={{(() => {
-					const ___n8n_data = {__sanitize: a => a};
-					return ({})['const'+'ructor']['const'+'ructor']('return 1')();
-				})()}}`;
+			const reservedVariablePayloads: Array<[string, string]> = [
+				[
+					'`___n8n_data` declaration',
+					`={{(() => {
+						const ___n8n_data = {__sanitize: a => a};
+						return 1;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'`__sanitize` declaration',
+					`={{(() => {
+						const __sanitize = a => a;
+						return 1;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'array destructuring declaration',
+					`={{(() => {
+						const [___n8n_data] = [{ __sanitize: (v) => v }];
+						return 1;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'object destructuring declaration',
+					`={{(() => {
+						const {a: ___n8n_data} = { a: { __sanitize: (v) => v } };
+						return 1;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'function parameter identifier',
+					`={{((___n8n_data) => {
+						return ___n8n_data;
+					})({})}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'function parameter object pattern',
+					`={{(({a: ___n8n_data}) => {
+						return ___n8n_data;
+					})({ a: { __sanitize: (v) => v } })}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'function parameter array pattern',
+					`={{(([___n8n_data]) => {
+						return ___n8n_data;
+					})([{ __sanitize: (v) => v }])}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'function parameter default value',
+					`={{((___n8n_data = { __sanitize: (v) => v }) => {
+						return ___n8n_data;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'function parameter rest element',
+					`={{((...___n8n_data) => {
+						return ___n8n_data;
+					})(1)}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'function declaration name',
+					`={{(() => {
+						function ___n8n_data() {}
+						return 1;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'class declaration name',
+					`={{(() => {
+						class ___n8n_data {}
+						return 1;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'catch object pattern parameter',
+					`={{(() => {
+						try {
+							throw { a: { __sanitize: (v) => v } };
+						} catch ({ a: ___n8n_data }) {
+							return ___n8n_data;
+						}
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'catch array pattern parameter',
+					`={{(() => {
+						try {
+							throw [{ __sanitize: (v) => v }];
+						} catch ([___n8n_data]) {
+							return ___n8n_data;
+						}
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'for-of object pattern declaration',
+					`={{(() => {
+						for (const { a: ___n8n_data } of [{ a: { __sanitize: (v) => v } }]) {
+							return ___n8n_data;
+						}
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'for-of assignment pattern target',
+					`={{(() => {
+						for ([___n8n_data] of [[{ __sanitize: (v) => v }]]) {
+							return ___n8n_data;
+						}
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+				[
+					'destructuring assignment target',
+					`={{(() => {
+						[___n8n_data] = [{ __sanitize: (v) => v }];
+						return ___n8n_data;
+					})()}}`,
+				],
+			];
+
+			for (const [name, payload] of reservedVariablePayloads) {
+				it(`should block reserved variable shadowing via ${name}`, () => {
+					expect(() => evaluate(payload)).toThrow(ExpressionReservedVariableError);
+				});
+			}
 
-				expect(() => evaluate(payload)).toThrow(ExpressionReservedVariableError);
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on arrow functions', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend((() => {}), "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
 			});
 
-			it('should block `__sanitize` variable declaration', () => {
-				const payload = `={{(() => {
-					const __sanitize = a => a;
-					return 1;
-				})()}}`;
+			it('should block extendOptional() constructor access on arrow functions', () => {
+				expect(() =>
+					evaluate('={{ extendOptional((() => {}), "constructor")("return 1")() }}'),
+				).toThrow(/due to security concerns/);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on extend itself', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend(extend, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on extendOptional', () => {
+				expect(() =>
+					evaluate('={{ extend(extendOptional, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}'),
+				).toThrow(/due to security concerns/);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on isNaN', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend(isNaN, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
 
-				expect(() => evaluate(payload)).toThrow(ExpressionReservedVariableError);
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on parseFloat', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend(parseFloat, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() __proto__ access', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend({}, "__proto__", []) }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() prototype access', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend({}, "prototype", []) }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() with custom toString() returning constructor', () => {
+				expect(() =>
+					evaluate('={{ extend((() => {}), {toString: () => "constructor"}, ["return 1"])() }}'),
+				).toThrow(/due to security concerns/);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() with custom toString() returning __proto__', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend({}, {toString: () => "__proto__"}, []) }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on arrow functions', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend((() => {}), "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extendOptional() constructor access on arrow functions', () => {
+				expect(() =>
+					evaluate('={{ extendOptional((() => {}), "constructor")("return 1")() }}'),
+				).toThrow(/due to security concerns/);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on extend itself', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend(extend, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on extendOptional', () => {
+				expect(() =>
+					evaluate('={{ extend(extendOptional, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}'),
+				).toThrow(/due to security concerns/);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on isNaN', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend(isNaN, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() constructor access on parseFloat', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend(parseFloat, "constructor", ["return 1"])() }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() __proto__ access', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend({}, "__proto__", []) }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
+			});
+
+			it('should block extend() prototype access', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend({}, "prototype", []) }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
 			});
 
-			it('should block `___n8n_data` as function parameter', () => {
-				const payload = `={{((___n8n_data) => {
-					return 1;
-				})({})}}`;
+			it('should block extend() with custom toString() returning constructor', () => {
+				expect(() =>
+					evaluate('={{ extend((() => {}), {toString: () => "constructor"}, ["return 1"])() }}'),
+				).toThrow(/due to security concerns/);
+			});
 
-				expect(() => evaluate(payload)).toThrow(ExpressionReservedVariableError);
+			it('should block extend() with custom toString() returning __proto__', () => {
+				expect(() => evaluate('={{ extend({}, {toString: () => "__proto__"}, []) }}')).toThrow(
+					/due to security concerns/,
+				);
 			});
 		});
 	});

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
 	type INodeParameters,
 	type INodeProperties,
 	type INodeTypeDescription,
+	type NodeParameterValueType,
 } from '../src/interfaces';
 import {
 	getNodeParameters,
@@ -6316,4 +6317,212 @@ describe('NodeHelpers', () => {
 			expect(isHitlToolType('CustomNode')).toBe(false);
 		});
 	});
+
+	describe('getNodeParameters - noDataExpression handling', () => {
+		it('should strip expression prefix when noDataExpression is true and value is an expression', () => {
+			const nodePropertiesArray: INodeProperties[] = [
+				{
+					name: 'resource',
+					displayName: 'Resource',
+					type: 'string',
+					default: '',
+					noDataExpression: true,
+				},
+			];
+
+			const nodeValues: Record<string, string> = {
+				resource: '=users',
+			};
+
+			const node: INode = {
+				id: 'test-123',
+				name: 'Test',
+				type: 'n8n-nodes-base.test',
+				typeVersion: 1,
+				position: [0, 0],
+				parameters: nodeValues,
+				credentials: {},
+			};
+			const description: INodeTypeDescription = {
+				name: 'Test',
+				displayName: 'Test',
+				group: [],
+				version: 1,
+				description: 'Test',
+				defaults: {},
+				inputs: [],
+				outputs: [],
+				properties: nodePropertiesArray,
+			};
+
+			const nodeType: INodeType = {
+				description,
+			};
+
+			const result = getNodeParameters(
+				nodeType.description.properties,
+				nodeValues,
+				true,
+				false,
+				node,
+				nodeType.description,
+			);
+
+			expect(result?.resource).toBe('users');
+		});
+
+		it('should not strip expression prefix when noDataExpression is false', () => {
+			const nodePropertiesArray: INodeProperties[] = [
+				{
+					name: 'resource',
+					displayName: 'Resource',
+					type: 'string',
+					default: '',
+					noDataExpression: false,
+				},
+			];
+
+			const nodeValues: Record<string, string> = {
+				resource: '=users',
+			};
+
+			const node: INode = {
+				id: 'test-123',
+				name: 'Test',
+				type: 'n8n-nodes-base.test',
+				typeVersion: 1,
+				position: [0, 0],
+				parameters: nodeValues,
+				credentials: {},
+			};
+
+			const nodeType: INodeType = {
+				description: {
+					displayName: 'Test',
+					name: 'Test',
+					group: [],
+					version: 1,
+					description: 'Test',
+					defaults: {},
+					inputs: [],
+					outputs: [],
+					properties: nodePropertiesArray,
+				},
+			};
+
+			const result = getNodeParameters(
+				nodeType.description.properties,
+				nodeValues,
+				true,
+				false,
+				node,
+				nodeType.description,
+			);
+
+			expect(result?.resource).toBe('=users');
+		});
+
+		it('should not modify non-expression values when noDataExpression is true', () => {
+			const nodePropertiesArray: INodeProperties[] = [
+				{
+					name: 'resource',
+					displayName: 'Resource',
+					type: 'string',
+					default: '',
+					noDataExpression: true,
+				},
+			];
+
+			const nodeValues: Record<string, string> = {
+				resource: 'users',
+			};
+
+			const node: INode = {
+				id: 'test-123',
+				name: 'Test',
+				type: 'n8n-nodes-base.test',
+				typeVersion: 1,
+				position: [0, 0],
+				parameters: nodeValues,
+				credentials: {},
+			};
+
+			const nodeType: INodeType = {
+				description: {
+					displayName: 'Test',
+					name: 'Test',
+					group: [],
+					version: 1,
+					description: 'Test',
+					defaults: {},
+					inputs: [],
+					outputs: [],
+					properties: nodePropertiesArray,
+				},
+			};
+
+			const result = getNodeParameters(
+				nodeType.description.properties,
+				nodeValues,
+				true,
+				false,
+				node,
+				nodeType.description,
+			);
+
+			expect(result?.resource).toBe('users');
+		});
+
+		it('should handle undefined values when noDataExpression is true', () => {
+			const nodePropertiesArray: INodeProperties[] = [
+				{
+					name: 'resource',
+					displayName: 'Resource',
+					type: 'string',
+					default: '',
+					noDataExpression: true,
+				},
+			];
+
+			const nodeValues: NodeParameterValueType = {
+				resource: undefined,
+			};
+
+			const node: INode = {
+				id: 'test-123',
+				name: 'Test',
+				type: 'n8n-nodes-base.test',
+				typeVersion: 1,
+				position: [0, 0],
+				parameters: nodeValues,
+				credentials: {},
+			};
+
+			const nodeType: INodeType = {
+				description: {
+					displayName: 'Test',
+					name: 'Test',
+					group: [],
+					version: 1,
+					description: 'Test',
+					defaults: {},
+					inputs: [],
+					outputs: [],
+					properties: nodePropertiesArray,
+				},
+			};
+
+			const result = getNodeParameters(
+				nodeType.description.properties,
+				nodeValues,
+				true,
+				false,
+				node,
+				nodeType.description,
+			);
+
+			// When undefined, the default value (empty string) is used
+			expect(result?.resource).toBe('');
+		});
+	});
 });